Evaluación de prefactibilidad de una empresa de acabados arquitectónicos enfocada en Vivienda de Interés Social (VIS) en la ciudad de Bogotá, mediante la utilización de la metodología ONUDI

La iniciativa de crear empresa ha aumentado en los últimos años, especialmente en Colombia, donde existe una gran capacidad para la creación de negocios, pero esta puede estar siendo subexplotada, debido a la escasa información o al miedo a la forma de emprender. Igualmente, hay que tener en cuenta la realidad del país en relación con algunos aspectos que se quiere abordar en esta investigación: en primer lugar, la informalidad, la ventaja o la desventaja que puede representar tener una empresa legalmente constituida, la rentabilidad y la competitividad en los precios cuando se compara la carga administrativa e impositiva que requiere una empresa formalmente constituida versus una que no lo está; y en segundo lugar, el análisis de la prefactibilidad que pueda tener una empresa, con el objetivo de realizar el mejoramiento o la remodelación de acabados arquitectónicos en viviendas de interés social (VIS), que han representado un eje importantísimo en el crecimiento del país desde la década de los ochenta, ya que generan beneficios para la economía por doble vía. El sector de la construcción requiere de un consumo masivo de mano de obra; por eso, genera empleo y propicia un círculo virtuoso en la economía. Por otro lado, se cuenta con beneficios que ayudan a que cada vez más colombianos accedan a una vivienda propia nueva, y de esta manera se abre el nicho de mercado que se explora en la presente investigación, teniendo en cuenta factores como la inflación, el confort que pueden obtener las personas cuando compran una vivienda y el desarrollo que puede tener esta en la economía del país.Given the initiative to create a company in recent years, especially in Colombia, where there is great capacity for business creation, but it may be underexploited. Given the little information or fear in the way of undertaking, there is also the reality of the country in which two aspects that want to be dealt with in this investigation are evident, one of them is informality, the advantage or disadvantage that having a legally constituted company, profitability and price competitiveness must be considered when comparing the administrative and tax burden required by a formally constituted company versus one that is not. The other topic that has been studied in this degree work proposal is the pre-feasibility analysis that a company may have with the aim of carrying out improvement or remodeling of architectural finishes in Social Interest Housing (VIS) currently, which has been a very important axis in the growth of the country since the 80's, since it has benefits for the economy in two ways. In the first instance, the construction sector is a sector that requires a massive consumption of labor, generating employment and fostering a virtuous circle in the economy, on the other hand, it has the benefits that seek that more and more Colombians have housing own new and therefore a market niche is opened that seeks to explore in the present investigation taking into account factors such as inflation, the comfort that people can reach when they buy a home and the development that it can have in the country's economy

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity

Extraction of the Muon Signals Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory Using Recurrent Neural Networks

We present a method based on the use of Recurrent Neural Networks to extract the muon component from the time traces registered with water-Cherenkov detector (WCD) stations of the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The design of the WCDs does not allow to separate the contribution of muons to the time traces obtained from the WCDs from those of photons, electrons and positrons for all events. Separating the muon and electromagnetic components is crucial for the determination of the nature of the primary cosmic rays and properties of the hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies. We trained a neural network to extract the muon and the electromagnetic components from the WCD traces using a large set of simulated air showers, with around 450 000 simulated events. For training and evaluating the performance of the neural network, simulated events with energies between 1018.5, eV and 1020 eV and zenith angles below 60 degrees were used. We also study the performance of this method on experimental data of the Pierre Auger Observatory and show that our predicted muon lateral distributions agree with the parameterizations obtained by the AGASA collaboration