Critical Analysis of William Wordsworth’s Poetic Diction

Abstract Poetic diction means selection of discourse which accommodates a rare style for distinct minstrel, how particular poet choose his/her own language, then how he/her plays around with them (language, lexicon and make use of phrases terminology, usually trope). Poetic diction means style of writing which is used by poet in poetry like the communication style, frame of reference, and use of tropical language-normally metaphors. This research aims to explore and find out the major and distinct features of William Wordsworth’s poetic diction and see how far his theory of diction is applicable in present time. Research belonging to us is qualitative. The researcher will analyze William Wordsworth’s poetic diction with reference to preface to the lyrical ballads. Researcher will also analyze variant poems written by William Wordsworth. This paper will help the people to understand that why Wordsworth used so natural, simple, attractive and daily life language in his works, and how he used conceits, images, impression, metaphors similes, initial rhyme etc. Results will also help the readers of the time to understand the theory of simple and rustic poetic diction used by William Wordsworth in his poetry. His singular style added the great beauty to his work, and his style became lofty to all the common people. Keywords: William Wordsworth, poetic diction, preface to the lyrical ballads

Stylistics Analysis of Sylvia Plath’s Poem Poppies in October

Paper under view intends to evaluate Sylvia Plath’s poem Poppies in October (1962) from the perspective of stylistic analysis. It is carried out on Graphlogical, Morphological, Syntactical and Phonological levels. The poem is a blend of classicism with modernism; imagery, images, colours, irony and symbolism being chief features of the poem. This study is ready to lend a hand to examine the structure and style of Sylvia Plath’s poetry, her themes, style, and natural treatment. Keywords: Stylistics, nature, poppies, red, death

PHYSIOCHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING MACROBENTHIC INVERTEBRATES DISRIBUTION In The BOTTOM SEDIMENTS Of OKHUO RIVER

Nigerian benthos has been concentrated on the benthic fauna of urban and semi urban areas; consequently, the rural waters have been abandoned. The taxonomy of Nigerian streams is poorly known and this probably contributes to the reluctance to carry out researches in these areas. The macrobenthic invertebrates of a perturbed urban section of the Ikpoba River, showed that the stress caused by human activities affected species diversity and abundance on the benthic fauna of New Calabar River, in Cross River State. The study showed that the diversity of the fauna was low, with only 23 taxa recorded. The fauna was dominated by Annelid (Polychaete and Oligochaete) that constitutes 54% of the population. Investigation shows the effect of salinity and other physicochemical factors in abundance and distribution of littoral invertebrates in a coastal lagoon of southern examined flora and fauna associated with water hyacinth in Yewa River, in Ondo State. Studies of the benthic fauna associated with different microhabitats in mangrove forest of the Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria showed that the number of species associated with a particular habitat was similar but the community structure differed distinctly. Key Words: Macrobenthic Invertebrates, Polychaete, Oligochaete, Environmental Impacts, Habita

How VATS has changed the management of spontaneous pneumothorax in the 21st century

Objective: To determine the outcome of patients having undergone Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) for spontaneous pneumothrox in terms of hospital stay, complications and recurrence. Methods: The netrospective study included the review of 39 cases who had presented with spontaneous pneumothorax at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, between January 2001 to November 2008 and had undergone video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Results: The duration of hospital stay (had a range of 3 to 9 days), and the length of chest tube in place (a range of 2 to 8 days), 2 (5.1%) patients developed recurrence after VATS while 3 (7.6%) patients developed bleeding post operatively requiring transfusion and 2 (5.1%) patients developed atelectasis requiring bronchoscopy. Conclusion: Compared with figures for thoracotomy data from other studies, it was seen that the length of hospital stay and chest tube placement with VATS was less than that for thoracotomy, and the overall cost as well as post-operative pain was also low. The rate of recurrence was however comparable to that after thoracotomy

Association of CYP2C19*2 and *17 genetic variants with hypertension in Pakistani population

Purpose: To investigate the association of *2 and *17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP2C19 gene with hypertension in Pakistani population. Methods: The study was conducted on 527 hypertensive patients and 530 unrelated healthy controls from selected regions of Pakistan. DNA was extracted from leukocytes and all patients and controls were genotyped for two SNPs (rs4244285 and rs12248560) of CYP2C19 gene by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR). Results: Multi-allelic polymorphism in CYP2C19 identified four distinct phenotypes known as ultra-rapid metabolizer (UM), extensive metabolizer (EM), intermediate metabolizer (IM) and poor metabolizer (PM) in hypertensive patients and controls. For CYP2C19*2 polymorphisms, overall wild type and mutant allele frequency were 75 and 25 % in hypertensive patients, and 64.2 and 35.8 % in controls. For CYP2C19*17 polymorphisms, the overall wild type and mutant allele frequency were 66.6 and 33.4 % in hypertensive patients and 75.6 % and 24.4 % in controls. Significant difference in allele frequencies for CYP2C19*2 and *17 was demonstrated between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on CYP2C19 frequencies in hypertensive Pakistani patients. The finds should help clinicians to determine a suitable optimal dosage of some drugs in order to reduce side effects

Characterization of Halophilic/Halotolerant Bacteria Isolated from the Hypersaline Environment of Khewra, District Jhelum

Background: Khewra salt mine is an extremely saline habitat of Pakistan that provides a suitable environment for salt loving microorganisms, halophiles. Halophiles grow in high salt concentration and are excellent sources of enzymes that perform catalytic reactions competently under extreme conditions.Methods: A total of twenty-five samples (rocks, soil, water, and salt drippings), collected from Khewra salt mine and its vicinity, were checked for growth. Isolates were purified and characterized by Biochemical and Molecular Tests. The isolates were also screened for biotechnological potential.Results: Samples (n=12) did not show growth, while samples (n=13) showed growth on high salt media. Isolates showed growth on 1-29% NaCl concentration, 15oC-40oC temperature and pH 6.5-9.0. Molecular analysis showed that isolate AJS-21y was closely related (98% similarity) to Salinicoccus roseus while isolate AJS-22 belonged to Bacillaceae family and was closely related (99% similarity) to Piscibacillus sp. Both isolates gave extracellular production of amylase.Conclusion: Current study showed the presence of Salinicoccus sp. and Piscibacillus sp. in Khewra salt mine, Pakistan. The ability of isolates AJS-21y and AJS-22 to survive at high salt concentrations and production of extracellular amylase made them highly attractive for industrial applications and synthesizing transgenic crops tolerating high salinity.Keywords: Khewra; Characterization; Halophilic; Halotolerant; Salinicoccus; Piscibacillus   

Educational game based on macromedia flash in Indonesian language learning in junior high school

Educational Game is an application package that is used as a tool that aims to encourage students to undergo learning activities. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe educational games based on Macromedia Flash for Indonesian language learning in junior high schools; and (2) to describe the results of implementing Macromedia Flash-based educational games with the Fisher Yates Shuffle algorithm in learning Indonesian in junior high schools. The research approach is a qualitative descriptive research. The research is based on case studies with subjects and objects that focus on class VIIIC students and Indonesian language teachers at SMP Negeri 2 Jatisrono. Data collection techniques are by using observation techniques, questionnaires, interviews, and tests. The research sample is 30 VIIIC students. Data analysis is guided by Miles & Huberman's view which consists of three streams of activities that occur simultaneously, namely: data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions/verification. The data validity test was carried out using source triangulation technique. In connection with the research results based on eight indicators, it can be understood that the level of student activity in learning Indonesian based on educational games based on Macromedia Flash with the Fisher Yates Shuffle algorithm has increased. The percentage of 87% of students explained that the Macromedia Flash application based on the Fisher Yates Shuffle algorithm was able to increase student activity. This research encourages the integration of technology in the world of education. Flash-based games can offer interactive and dynamic content, enhancing the learning experience

Potential Applications of Rhizobacteria as Eco-Friendly Biological Control, Plant Growth Promotion and Soil Metal Bioremediation

Modern agriculture has an immense problem in the depletion of agricultural productivity owing to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Agriculture’s sustainability and safety are dependent on ecologically friendly practices. Plant rhizobia have been proven to have an important role in disease control, as well as promoting plant growth, productivity, and biomass. Rhizobacteria are soil bacteria that live on the root surface and either directly or indirectly contribute to plant development. Rhizobia are used to induce mediated immune resistance through the manufacture of lytic enzymes, antibiotics, phytoalexins, phytohormone, metabolites. It supports the growth of plants through nitrogen fixation, nutrient enrichment, phosphate solubilization and phytohormone synthesis. In addition, it supports plants during different stresses such as temperature, osmotic, heavy metal and oxidative stress. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have the ability to control heavy metal pollution of soils as well as enhancing plant growth in these soils. Efficient bioremediation is possible by using rhizobacterial inoculants, still, the distribution and functioning of microbes in the rhizosphere need to be fully explored. This review focuses on the effectiveness, biomonitoring processes and function in promoting plant development. Rhizobia application can be considered an alternative method for the improvement of biodiversity, agriculture, and the environment

Prevalence of Mistreatment or Belittlement among Medical Students – A Cross Sectional Survey at a Private Medical School in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: Mistreatment or belittlement of medical students either by faculty or fellow students has often been reported. Perception of mistreatment has also been associated with increased degree of psychological morbidity. There is a lack of such studies being conducted amongst the medical students of Pakistan. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and forms of perceived mistreatment and presence of mental health morbidity in a private medical school in Pakistan. Also, any association between mental health morbidity and mistreatment was to be identified. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on medical students from Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan during the period of June-September 2007. A self administered questionnaire, adapted from Frank et al and Baldwin et al was distributed to a total of 350 students. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: the first dealing with the demographics of the population, the second concerning the various forms of mistreatment, while the third assessed the mental health of students using the General Health Questionnaire 12(GHQ12). Descriptive statistics were performed. The Chi-square test and Fisher\u27s exact tests were applied. Results: A total of 350 students were approached out of which 232 completed the questionnaire giving a response rate of 66.2%. Mistreatment was reported by 62.5% (145/232) of the respondents. Of these, 69.7% (83/145) were males and 54.9% (62/145) were females. There was a significant relationship between gender, year division, stress at medical school and possible use of drugs/alcohol and reported mistreatment but no statistical relationship was seen with psychiatric morbidity. The overall prevalence of psychological morbidity was 34.8% (77/221). Conclusion: This study suggests high prevalence of perceived mistreatment and psychological morbidity among Pakistani medical students. However, no association was found between these two aspects of medical student education. There is a need to bring about changes to make the medical education environment conducive to learning. Increased student feedback, support systems and guidance about progress throughout the year and the provision of adequate learning resources may provide help with resolving both of these issues

Cerebral microbleeds and intracranial haemorrhage risk in patients anticoagulated for atrial fibrillation after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (CROMIS-2):a multicentre observational cohort study

Background: Cerebral microbleeds are a potential neuroimaging biomarker of cerebral small vessel diseases that are prone to intracranial bleeding. We aimed to determine whether presence of cerebral microbleeds can identify patients at high risk of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage when anticoagulated for atrial fibrillation after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Methods: Our observational, multicentre, prospective inception cohort study recruited adults aged 18 years or older from 79 hospitals in the UK and one in the Netherlands with atrial fibrillation and recent acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, treated with a vitamin K antagonist or direct oral anticoagulant, and followed up for 24 months using general practitioner and patient postal questionnaires, telephone interviews, hospital visits, and National Health Service digital data on hospital admissions or death. We excluded patients if they could not undergo MRI, had a definite contraindication to anticoagulation, or had previously received therapeutic anticoagulation. The primary outcome was symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurring at any time before the final follow-up at 24 months. The log-rank test was used to compare rates of intracranial haemorrhage between those with and without cerebral microbleeds. We developed two prediction models using Cox regression: first, including all predictors associated with intracranial haemorrhage at the 20% level in univariable analysis; and second, including cerebral microbleed presence and HAS-BLED score. We then compared these with the HAS-BLED score alone. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02513316. Findings: Between Aug 4, 2011, and July 31, 2015, we recruited 1490 participants of whom follow-up data were available for 1447 (97%), over a mean period of 850 days (SD 373; 3366 patient-years). The symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage rate in patients with cerebral microbleeds was 9·8 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI 4·0–20·3) compared with 2·6 per 1000 patient-years (95% CI 1·1–5·4) in those without cerebral microbleeds (adjusted hazard ratio 3·67, 95% CI 1·27–10·60). Compared with the HAS-BLED score alone (C-index 0·41, 95% CI 0·29–0·53), models including cerebral microbleeds and HAS-BLED (0·66, 0·53–0·80) and cerebral microbleeds, diabetes, anticoagulant type, and HAS-BLED (0·74, 0·60–0·88) predicted symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage significantly better (difference in C-index 0·25, 95% CI 0·07–0·43, p=0·0065; and 0·33, 0·14–0·51, p=0·00059, respectively). Interpretation: In patients with atrial fibrillation anticoagulated after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, cerebral microbleed presence is independently associated with symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage risk and could be used to inform anticoagulation decisions. Large-scale collaborative observational cohort analyses are needed to refine and validate intracranial haemorrhage risk scores incorporating cerebral microbleeds to identify patients at risk of net harm from oral anticoagulation. Funding: The Stroke Association and the British Heart Foundation