Energy Efficient Clustered Routing Strategy For WSN

Wireless sensor network alludes in the route of a group of spatially dedicated sensors for screening, accumulating the normal information in distant zones and sending the gathered knowledge to a central region. In past a few methodologies that cut back the vitality utilization by actualizing efficient steering conventions had been presented. Every sensor hub detects learning and transmits it to its bunch head. Bunch head mix information from its group and transmit the gathered learning to the base station. A few vitality sparing gradable directing conventions are upheld inside the past like LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS, and TBC. TBC (Tree-based for the most part Clustering) convention is another change over HEED convention that executes intra-bunch correspondence to downsize vitality utilization. each bunch head go about as the root hub of the tree and every sensor hub transmit information to close hub that lies on the on account of the root hub. This convention circulates the vitality stack over all part hubs and thusly adjusts the general vitality utilization of the system. To draw out the system life, this work executes another tree-based bunch steering technique called Tree-Based Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol (TBEEC) (TBEEC). Amid this work, the hub having the lesser separation to the base station and preferable vitality over the contrary hubs of the bunch is hoisted as the group set out toward aspherical. All hubs of group forward their insight to the bunch head by exploitation elective halfway hubs that lie on the on account of the bunch head. Further, amid this work between bunch correspondence is authorized to downsize the vitality utilization. Each group head as opposed to sending blend information on to the base station appearance for halfway bunch head that untruths nearly the base station. This form information must go at the lesser separation that finishes in vitality sparing that delays the system life. The arranged convention beats the confinement of existing TBC convention. The reproduction comes about demonstrate that the arranged convention performs higher than the predominant directing conventions like LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS, and TBC

Analysis of still births in a tertiary care system and changed scenario over six year period

                       Background: In India, the maternal and infant mortality rates have been steadily decreasing in recent years, but there has been no corresponding decrease in the perinatal mortality. Hence, there is need to evaluate the factors leading to this unfortunate event. The objective of this study was to find out various factors (especially preventable) responsible for perinatal stillbirths.Methods: An analytical comparative study in a tertiary care hospital comparing fresh and macerated still births over a period of one year in 2011 and 2017 and responsible factors were analysed.Results: Amazingly, despite improvement in the antenatal services, more institutional deliveries, there is no change in the incidence of still birth rate. However, there was decrease in the rate of still births due to extreme prematurity and congenital malformations. There was no change in incidence of PIH/ Eclampsia, IUGR and placental causes but there was substantial increase in the incidence of GDM.Conclusions: Perinatal mortality can definitely be reduced by strengthening and improving quality of antenatal services, early identification of high risk pregnancies, timely referral and appropriate intervention

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in antenatal women

Background: Vitamin D has an increasingly recognised repertoire of non-classical actions, such as promoting insulin action and secretion, immune modulation and lung development. It therefore has the potential to influence many factors in the developing fetus. Several studies reported the relationship between maternal vitamin D deficiency and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm labour, low birth weight and increased rate of caesarean section. The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in antenatal women of Shimla, India.Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kamla Nehru Hospital, Shimla, India over a period of 12 months. Six hundred women were included in the study.Results: Out of 600 subjects, 568 (94.67%) subjects had vitamin D deficiency and only 32 (5.33%) subjects had sufficient vitamin D levels. Vitamin D deficiency was more common in the vegetarians, dark skinned subjects and in those who were taking vitamin D supplements.Conclusions: It is concluded from this study that there is high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in antenatal women of Shimla, India

Effect of single low dose intrathecal labor analgesia on maternal and fetal outcome

Background: Labour is one of the most painful experiences women encounter during their lifetime and the experience is different for each women. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of low dose intrathecal labour analgesia using fentanyl, bupivacaine and morphine on maternal and fetal outcome.Methods: 100 parturients with uncomplicated pregnancy in spontaneous or induced labor at cervical dilatation 4-6cm were enrolled for the study. They were randomized into two groups of 50 each, using computer based block randomization. Group 1 (N=50) received intrathecal labor analgesia using. Fentanyl (25µg), bupivacaine (2.5mg) and morphine (250µg) and Group 2 (N=50) received programmed labor. The two groups were well matched in terms of age, weight, height, parity, baseline vitals and mean cervical dilatation at the time of administration of labor analgesia . Progress of labor, duration of analgesia, and neonatal APGAR score were recorded. Feto-maternal and neonatal outcomes were studied and compared between the two groups.Results: The mean duration of analgesia in group1 was 238.96±21.888 min whereas the mean duration of analgesia in group 2 was 98.4±23.505 min. The difference was significant P value 0.00. One out of 50 (2%) of the parturients required rescue analgesia in Group 1. On the contrary all 44 parturients in Group 2 required rescue analgesia. Difference was significant (p value=0.00) However duration of the stages of labor, operative and instrumental deliveries and APGAR score did not differ in the two groups.Conclusions: Single shot intrathecal labor analgesia is a safe, effective, reliable, cheap and satisfactory method of pain relief for labor and delivery. Moreover, it is devoid of major side effects

Awareness and Information Seeking Behavior of Undergraduate Students of University in Digital environment-A Systematic Review

University library being considered as knowledge hub caters to the information needs of diverse categories of users like students, research scholars, scientists, teachers, etc. by providing access to a wide variety of learning resources. Apart from print resources university libraries are increasingly adding electronic resources like E-Books, E-Journals, E-Theses, databases, E-Standards, Institutional repositories, consortia, online public access catalogue and other networked resources to their collections which have been widely used nowadays as primarily for teaching, learning as well as research activities. Since the undergraduate students are not involved in any kind of research work thus presumed to make use mostly of books/notes/ e-books to fulfill their academic needs. The present review study is being conducted to ascertain the kind of information resources mostly used by the undergraduate students and further to know their awareness level about resources & services of the library. It is basically a systematic review of studies conducted in the past to know their awareness level, information-seeking behavior and attitude towards different resources used in achieving the academic goals. Further study will also try to find out whether the academic level of study has any difference with regard to the use of different resources and services

Hierarchical Control for Multi-Agent Autonomous Racing

We develop a hierarchical controller for multi-agent autonomous racing. A high-level planner approximates the race as a discrete game with simplified dynamics that encodes the complex safety and fairness rules seen in real-life racing and calculates a series of target waypoints. The low-level controller takes the resulting waypoints as a reference trajectory and computes high-resolution control inputs by solving a simplified formulation of a multi-agent racing game. We consider two approaches for the low-level planner to construct two hierarchical controllers. One approach uses multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), and the other solves a linear-quadratic Nash game (LQNG) to produce control inputs. We test the controllers against three baselines: an end-to-end MARL controller, a MARL controller tracking a fixed racing line, and an LQNG controller tracking a fixed racing line. Quantitative results show that the proposed hierarchical methods outperform their respective baseline methods in terms of head-to-head race wins and abiding by the rules. The hierarchical controller using MARL for low-level control consistently outperformed all other methods by winning over 88% of head-to-head races and more consistently adhered to the complex racing rules. Qualitatively, we observe the proposed controllers mimicking actions performed by expert human drivers such as shielding/blocking, overtaking, and long-term planning for delayed advantages. We show that hierarchical planning for game-theoretic reasoning produces competitive behavior even when challenged with complex rules and constraints

Predicting the effect of fiber orientations and boundary conditions on the optimal placement of PZT sensor on the composite structures

In this paper, the modal-model of the composite structure is predicted and viewed to decide the optimal position of the PZT sensors on the composite structures. The novelty of this work is to systematically study the effect of fiber orientations and boundary conditions on the modal-model and the optimal location of the PZT sensors on the composite structures. The glass fibers are reinforced in a polyester matrix at different fiber orientations such as 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. It is used for various engineering applications, especially in the aerospace and automobile sector, and it is very important to measure its dynamical response. The PZT patches can be embedded on the composite structures to measure their vibrational response. In this paper, ABAQUS software is used to build the finite element model of the PZT-composite structure. The composite structure is modeled with different boundary conditions. It is observed that the orientation of the fibers as well as the boundary condition directly put their effect on the modal-model of the composite structure and also on the selection of the optimal position of the PZT patches. It is found that the optimal position of the PZT directly depends upon the fiber orientation