1,919 research outputs found
Carter's constant revealed
A new formulation of Carter's constant for geodesic motion in Kerr black
holes is given. It is shown that Carter's constant corresponds to the total
angular momentum plus a precisely defined part which is quadratic in the linear
momenta. The characterization is exact in the weak field limit obtained by
letting the gravitational constant go to zero. It is suggested that the new
form can be useful in current studies of the dynamics of extreme mass ratio
inspiral (EMRI) systems emitting gravitational radiation.Comment: Minor changes to match published versio
Useful ‘junk': Alu RNAs in the human transcriptome
Abstract.: Alu elements are the most abundant repetitive elements in the human genome; they have amplified by retrotransposition to reach the present number of more than one million copies. Alu elements can be transcribed in two different ways, by two independent polymerases. ‘Free Alu RNAs' are transcribed by Pol III from their own promoter, while ‘embedded Alu RNAs' are transcribed by Pol II as part of protein- and non-protein-coding RNAs. Recent studies have demonstrated that both free and embedded Alu RNAs play a major role in post transcriptional regulation of gene expression, for example by affecting protein translation, alternative splicing and mRNA stability. These discoveries illustrate how a part of the ‘junk DNA' content of the human genome has been recruited to important functions in regulation of gene expressio
Noise and Full Counting Statistics of Incoherent Multiple Andreev Reflection
We present a general theory for the full counting statistics of multiple
Andreev reflections in incoherent superconducting-normal-superconducting
contacts. The theory, based on a stochastic path integral approach, is applied
to a superconductor-double barrier system. It is found that all cumulants of
the current show a pronounced subharmonic gap structure at voltages
. For low voltages , the counting statistics
results from diffusion of multiple charges in energy space, giving the th
cumulant , diverging for . We show that this
low-voltage result holds for a large class of incoherent
superconducting-normal-superconducting contacts.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
The self-consistent calculation of the edge states at quantum Hall effect (QHE) based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI)
The spatial distribution of the incompressible edge states (IES) is obtained
for a geometry which is topologically equivalent to an electronic Mach-Zehnder
interferometer, taking into account the electron-electron interactions within a
Hartree type self-consistent model. The magnetic field dependence of these IES
is investigated and it is found that an interference pattern may be observed if
two IES merge or come very close, near the quantum point contacts. Our
calculations demonstrate that, being in a quantized Hall plateau does not
guarantee observing the interference behavior.Comment: EP2DS-17 Proceedings, 6 Pages, 2 Figure
Pump-probe scheme for electron-photon dynamics in hybrid conductor-cavity systems
Recent experiments on nanoscale conductors coupled to microwave cavities put
in prospect transport investigations of electron-photon interplay in the deep
quantum regime. Here we propose a pump-probe scheme to investigate the
transient dynamics of individual electron-photon excitations in a double
quantum dot-cavity system. Excitations pumped into the system decay via charge
tunneling at the double dot, probed in real time. We investigate theoretically
the short-time charge transfer statistics at the dot, for periodic pumping, and
show that this gives access to vacuum Rabi oscillations as well as excitation
dynamics in the presence of double dot dephasing and relaxation.Comment: 5 Pages, 5 figure
Electrical current noise of a beam splitter as a test of spin-entanglement
We investigate the spin entanglement in the superconductor-quantum dot system
proposed by Recher, Sukhorukov and Loss, coupling it to an electronic
beam-splitter. The superconductor-quantum dot entangler and the beam-splitter
are treated within a unified framework and the entanglement is detected via
current correlations. The state emitted by the entangler is found to be a
linear superposition of non-local spin-singlets at different energies, a
spin-entangled two-particle wavepacket. Colliding the two electrons in the
beam-splitter, the singlet spin-state gives rise to a bunching behavior,
detectable via the current correlators. The amount of bunching depends on the
relative positions of the single particle levels in the quantum dots and the
scattering amplitudes of the beam-splitter. The singlet spin entanglement,
insensitive to orbital dephasing but suppressed by spin dephasing, is
conveniently quantified via the Fano factors. It is found that the
entanglement-dependent contribution to the Fano factor is of the same magnitude
as the non-entangled, making an experimental detection feasible. A detailed
comparison between the current correlations of the non-local spin-singlet state
and other states, possibly emitted by the entangler, is performed. This
provides conditions for an unambiguous identification of the non-local singlet
spin entanglement.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, section on quantification of entanglement adde
Andreev bound states and -junction transition in a superconductor / quantum-dot / superconductor system
We study Andreev bound states and -junction transition in a
superconductor / quantum-dot / superconductor (S-QD-S) system by Green function
method. We derive an equation to describe the Andreev bound states in S-QD-S
system, and provide a unified understanding of the -junction transition
caused by three different mechanisms: (1) {\it Zeeman splitting.} For QD with
two spin levels and , we find that the surface
of the Josephson current vs the configuration of
exhibits interesting profile: a sharp peak
around ; a positive ridge in the region of
; and a {\em % negative}, flat, shallow
plain in the region of . (2){\it \
Intra-dot interaction.} We deal with the intra-dot Coulomb interaction by
Hartree-Fock approximation, and find that the system behaves as a -junction when QD becomes a magnetic dot due to the interaction. The
conditions for -junction transition are also discussed. (3) {\it \
Non-equilibrium distribution.} We replace the Fermi distribution by
a non-equilibrium one , and allow
Zeeman splitting in QD where The curves of
vs show the novel effect of interplay of
non-equilibrium distribution with magnetization in QD.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, Late
Ammonia and methane emissions from dairy concentrated animal feeding operations in California, using mobile optical remote sensing
Dairy concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are significant sources of methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) emissions in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Optical techniques, namely, remote sensing by Solar Occultation Flux (SOF) and Mobile extractive FTIR (MeFTIR), were used to measure NH3 air column and ground air concentrations of NH3 and CH4, respectively. Campaigns were performed in May and October 2019 and covered 14 dairies located near Bakersfield and Tulare, California. NH3 and CH4 emission rates from single CAFOs averaged 101.9 \ub1 40.6 kgNH3/h and 437.7 \ub1 202.0 kgCH4/h, respectively, corresponding to emission factors (EFs) per livestock unit of 9.1 \ub1 2.7 gNH3/LU/h and 40.1 \ub1 17.8 gCH4/LU/h. The NH3 emissions had a median standard uncertainty of 17% and an expanded uncertainty (95% Confidence Interval (CI)) of 37%; meanwhile, CH4 emissions estimates had greater uncertainty, median of 25% and 53% (in the 95% CI). Decreasing NH3 to CH4 ratios and NH3 EFs from early afternoon (13:00) to early night (19:00) indicated a diurnal emission pattern with lower ammonia emissions during the night. On average, measured NH3 emissions were 28% higher when compared to daytime emission rates reported in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and modeled according to diurnal variation. Measured CH4 emissions were 60% higher than the rates reported in the California Air Resources Board (CARB) inventory. However, comparison with airborne measurements showed similar emission rates. This study demonstrates new air measurement methods, which can be used to quantify emissions over large areas with high spatial resolution and in a relatively short time period. These techniques bridge the gap between satellites and individual CAFOs measurements
Local and nonlocal entanglement for quasiparticle pairs induced by Andreev reflection
We investigate local and nonlocal entanglement of particle pairs induced by
direct and crossed Andreev reflections at the interfaces between a
superconductor and two normal conductors. It is shown theoretically that both
local and nonlocal entanglement can be quantified by concurrence and detected
from the violation of a Bell inequality of spin current correlators, which are
determined only by normal reflection and Andreev reflection eigenvalues. There
exists a one-to-one correspondence between the concurrence and the maximal
Bell-CHSH parameter in the tunneling limit
Coherent current transport in wide ballistic Josephson junctions
We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of coherent current
transport in wide ballistic superconductor-two dimensional electron
gas-superconductor junctions. It is found experimentally that upon increasing
the junction length, the subharmonic gap structure in the current-voltage
characteristics is shifted to lower voltages, and the excess current at
voltages much larger than the superconducting gap decreases. Applying a theory
of coherent multiple Andreev reflection, we show that these observations can be
explained in terms of transport through Andreev resonances.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
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