Technology in Controlling of Sucking Pest of Shoot and Flowers on Cashew

The major pests of cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale L.) are Helopeltis spp. and Sanurus spp. A number of cashew trees damaged be attacked by the pest are increasing from year to year. Some research found on effectiveness technologies, environmentally friendly and easily adopted by farmers have been done. One kind of controlling technologies that provides great expectations to be developed by farmers was biological control by utilizing parasitoids, predators and pathogens. Development of rangrang ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) and the fungus Beauveria bassiana as biological agent of Helopeltis spp. on a large scale will suppress the population of the insects. Meanwhile, the egg parasitoid Aphanomerus sp., moth parasitoids Epieurybrachys nsp. and the fungus Synnematium sp. are potentially developed as a biological control agents for Sanurus spp. in the field. The results of these studies should be integrated as a technology package on which the farmers should be involved in implementation of the technology

Conductivity Study on Plasticized Solid bio-electrolytes CMC-NH4Br and Application in Solid-state Proton Batteries

This paper present the development of plasticized solid bio-electrolytes (PSBs) which has been accomplished by incorporating various composition of plasticizer namely ethylene carbonate (EC) with carboxy methylcellulose doped NH4Br via solution casting method. The plasticized polymer–salt ionic conduction of PSBs has been analyzed by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Plasticization using EC in PSBs system assists the enhancement of NH4Br dissociation and therefore increases the protonation process in the system. The highest ionic conductivity obtained for CMC−NH4Br containing with 25 wt. % NH4Br was achieved at 1.12 x 10-4 Scm-1 and improved to 3.31 x 10-3 Scm-1 when EC was added in PSBs system. The ionic conductivity-temperature for PSBs system was found to obey the Arrhenius relationships where the ionic conductivity increases with temperature. The solid-state proton batteries were assembled with the formation of Zn + ZnSO4.7H2O || highest conducting PSBs system || MnO2 and achieve with a maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.48 V at room temperature and showed good in rechargeablity performance with more than 10 cycles

Nilai Diagnostik Indikator Fisik Dibandingkan Baku Emas Untuk Menegakkan Diagnosis Terduga Kretin Pada Batita

Iodine severe deficiency is a major cause of impairment due to iodine deficiency disorders. Cretinism is a consequence of iodine deficiency in the womb with clinical signs that stand out among others is mental retardation. In Indonesia, there were many cases of endemic goiter and cretinism. Diagnosis of cretinism can be established more accurately by laboratory tests, but it is expensive and less practical when conducted the field. Currently there are available tools for early detection for hypothiroid in neonates (NHI, Quebec) less expensive and easier to implement however it can not be used for older children. The instrument need to be developed for older children that was easy, deap and can provide a reliable diagnostic result. This diagnostic test research studied the diagnostic value of physical indicators for the diagnosis of suspected cretinism in infants and toddlers. The research was conducted in Magelang, Wonosobo, Wonogiri and Ponorogo Districts, for 10 months. Subject were infants and children under three years old. The information generated in the form of cretinism suspected early detection instrument (DDSK) for infant and toddler at the community level. The proportion of subjects with high TSH and low FT4 (hypothyroid) were 4.6% and 98.8%. The proportion of subjects experiencing developmental disorder were 36.4% (Denver test); impaired function of hearing were 2.7% and impaired motor function were 5.5%. The result of diagnosis using DDSK form, subjects detected cretinism suspected of 11.9%, and the diagnostic gold standard (the combined test results of Denver, Bayley, clinical examination and laboratory) of 11.3%. There is a significant relationship (p< 0.001) between the presence of positive test results with cretinism suspected; grades Se= 47.1%, Sp= 92.5%. Compare with gold standard, physical indicators of diagnostic test (DDSK) could diagnosed suspected cretinism among children under three years. Revising components and scoring in the indicators of cretinism suspected early detection instrument (DDSK) for infant and toddler were necessary

Bentuk Dan Penggunaan Garam Beryodium Pada Tingkat Rumahtangga

Background: In the market, salt is available in the form of powder (table salt), granule (raw salt) or bricked (pressed salt). Salt has been used as vehicle for iodine fortification since end of 1970s. This iodised salt is set as the long term strategy to control iodine deficiency. lodised salt is also available in those three forms. lodised salt survey at household level was conducted in 2007 as part of the Basic Health Research (BHR), Ministry of Health. Objectives: To study the form and use of iodized salt at household level. Methods: Data from the lodised salt survey 2007 was used for analysis. Salt sample was taken from households in 30 selected districts/cities through out the country. The 30 districts/cities was randomly selected that based on result of lodised salt survey 2005. Iodine content in salt was determined using titration method. The form of salt used by household was also observed. Results: As much as 20.8% of salt used by household were in the bricked form, 35.8% in the granule form and 43.4% in the powder form. In urban areas, 33.3% of household consume granule form, 18.9% consume bricked form and 47.8% consume powder form. Meanwhile, in rural areas, 37.1% of household consume granule form, 21.9% consume bricked form and 41.0% consume powder form. The mean value of iodine content was the lowest (15.9 ppm) in granule form, followed by bricked form (18.0 ppm) and the highest was powder form (28.3 ppm). Using titration method, 7.8% of salt samples contained less than 5.0 ppm of iodine, and only 24.5% salt contained above 30 ppm. As high as 14.2% salt samples contained between 5.0-9.9 ppm iodine, 27.8% contained between 10.0-19.9 ppm iodine and 25.7% contained between 20.0-29.9 ppm iodine. There were only 0.2% salt that contained no iodine and 1.1% salt contained over 80 ppm iodine. Conclusions: The percentage of household that used salt in the form of powder was higher than those used granule and bricked forms. Iodine content in salt in the form of powder was the highest than those salt in the form of bricked and granule

Peningkatan Aktivitas Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam dengan Pendekatan Inkuiri pada Peserta Didik Kelas IV SD

The title of this Research is the increase in the Natural Sciences Learning Activities Inquiry Approach In The Fourth Grade Students of SDN 16 mamal Bonti. Research aims to improve learners' learning activity in learning science through inquiry approach with the help of the media surrounding natural environment. Methods and betuk used is descriptive research TOD form. Research subjects are 9 people learners class IV consists of 3 men and 6 women who have difficulty learning science. The results of data analysis showed that after being given the inquiry approach to learning with students who were not initially active at a time when learning to be an active and individual learners also scored above the standard KKM (> 60), through an inquiry approach to learning will be able to grow in positive attitudes among students science learning as habits of cooperation, attitude sting work, each issued and opinion among fellow students, dared to be independent, and thoughtful, and learners are able to take advantage of any kind of plant to meet the needs in their daily lives as both drugs and other needs as well as possible

Perkiraan Asupan Iodium Dan Natrium Menggunakan Urin 24 Jam Pada Anak Dan Dewasa

Basic health research (Riskesdas) 2007 found high rate of hypertension (31.7%). The question is, whether iodine fortification program in the salt still relevant because salt intake correlated with hypertension. This study is a cross sectional, assessing the levels of iodine and sodium in urine with estimation of iodine and sodium intake. This was a cross sectional study. Sample of this study were 99 families, including father, mother, and 6-12 years children. The study was conducted in three villages in Getasan Sub-district, Semarang District. Variables collected included body height and weight, iodine content of household salt, 24 hours urine volume, urine iodine and urine sodium excretion. Intake of iodine and sodium estimated with urinary iodine and sodium excretion values and urine volume. Type of salt consumed (97%) was brick form, the average of iodine content in salt was 20.4 ppm potassium iodate and consumption of salt was 8.0 ± 4.7 grams per day. Median and mean urine volume was 1500 (1523 mL ± 623) mL. The median urinary iodine excretion (EIU) is 93 (105 ± 61) μg/L. Proportion of subjects with < 100 μg/L UIE was 55.6% and ≥ 300 μg/L UIE was 1%. Median and mean urinary sodium excretion (USE) was 2588 mg/L (2732 ± 986) mg/L. The proportion of USE ≥ 2300 mg/L was 62%. Frequency of iodine and sodium food source consumption: 47.5% of subjects eating instant noodles and snacks 1-2 times a week, 98% consume MSG/ketchup/sauce ≥ 1 times a day. Frequency of salty foods consumption: 53.9% of subjects consumed 1-2 times a week and 26.9% consumed bread/biscuit/cake 1-2 times a week. Median and mean intake of iodine of subject (father, mother, child) was 113 ug/L and 126 ± 73 mg/L. Median and mean sodium intake were 3131 mg/L and 3306 ± 1193 mg/L. In sum, salt is a major source of iodine and sodium intakes although the level of iodine was considered low compared to the national standard of industry. The study location is a mild iodine deficiency area but considerably high intake of sodium based on the analysis of a 24 hour urine collection

A Comparative Study of Enhanced Nonlinear PI to Multivariable Nonlinear Plant

The static gains of PI controller have limitation to handle the process nonlinearities of the system. This suggests the development of enhanced nonlinear PI controller where a nonlinear gain function is cascaded to PI parameters. Two nonlinear gain functions are developed and the effectiveness of the control performance is investigated for two different control structures for a multivariable nonlinear wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). It was proved that superior output with the lower mean error was obtained by developed nonlinear PI specifically in the multivariable control structure. The developed nonlinear PI offers simpler control structure and easy implementation hence offering alternative control strategy for the multivariable system

Reduction of hydrogen sulphide in chicken manure by immobilized sulphur oxidising bacteria isolated from hot spring

The rapid development of the poultry industry has led to the production of large amounts of manure, which produce substances like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that contribute to odor pollution. H2S is a highly undesirable gas component and its removal from the environment is therefore necessary. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are widely known to remove contaminating H2S due to their ability to oxidize reduced sulfur compounds. In this study, three potential SOB (designated AH18, AH25, and AH28) that were previously isolated from a hot spring in Malaysia were identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Laboratory-scale biological deodorization experiments were conducted to test the performance of the three isolates—in the form of pure or mixed cultures, with the cells immobilized onto alginate as a carrier—in reducing the H2S from chicken manure. On the basis of 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, isolate AH18 was identified as Pseudomonas sp., whereas isolates AH25 and AH28 were identified as Achromobacter sp. The most active deodorizing isolate was AH18, with an H2S reduction rate of 74.7% (p 0.05), respectively. However, the H2S removal performance was enhanced in the mixed culture, with a reduction rate of 81.9% (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the three potential SOB isolates were capable of reducing the H2S from chicken manure in the form of a pure culture immobilized on alginate, and the reduction performance was enhanced in the mixed culture

Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of Kleinovia hospita, Leucaena leucocephala abd Gliricidia sepium with respect to their effects on in vitro rumen fermentation and gas production

The nutritive and tannin content of tree forages (Kleinhovia hospita, Leucaena leucocephala, and Gliricidia sepium and their effects on in vitro rumen fermentation, digestibility and gas production were examined. Rumen fluid was obtained from three fistulated Boer goats with an average weight range of 31-32 kg fed forages. The fluid was incubated with 0.2 g of each forage at 39 °C for 48 h to determine the in vitro gas production, DM digestibility, metabolizable energy and volatile fatty acid. The proximate composition and the polyphenol composition of the forage were also evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized design and the treatments were K. hospita, L. leucocephala and G. sepium. The chemical composition, percentage of total polyphenol, non-tannin polyphenol, condensed tannin and hydrolysable tannin differed (P<0.05) among the forages. The K. hospita had higher (P<0.05) net gas production and in vitro dry matter digestibility compared with other forages. Similarly, K. hospita had higher (P<0.05) concentration of total volatile fatty acid and propionic acid followed by L. leucocephala and G. sepium. The molar proportion of acetic and butyric acid did not differ among the forages. The outcome of this study present K. hospita as a good potential forage to be used in ruminant diet as a result of better nutrient composition, moderate anti-nutritive value and best ivDMD in comparison with L. leucocephala and G. sepium