Implementation of a Child's Right to Education. Pre-Training

The article considers the form of implementation of the child's right to education, such as pre-training.В статье рассматривается такая форма реализации права ребенка на образование, как предпрофессиональная подготовка

Pathology of Sarcoidosis and Differential Diagnostics of other Granulomatous Diseases

Granulomatous diseases are the heterogeneous group of the conditions of different etiologies with a variety of clinic syndromes and morphological features and nonuniform sensitivity to therapy, and the existence of granulomas as general dominate histological expression. Granuloma is indicative of chronic inflammation involving cells of the macrophage system and other inflammatory cells. After the antigen exposure, the activation of T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelioid histiocytes leads to granuloma formation. Granuloma also contains the extracellular matrix produced by fibroblasts, which provide the boundary and isolation of antigen. Their etiology may classify granulomatous diseases as infectious and noninfectious. However, recent studies demonstrate that pathogenic microorganisms may cause the granuloma formation in diseases previously considered as noninfectious. In some cases, differentiation between infectious and noninfectious processes may be problematic. This chapter aims to highlight the multiformity of granulomatous diseases, characterize the pathologic features of different infectious and noninfectious granulomatosis, and delineate the diagnostic approach

Common inaccuracies and errors in the application of statistical methods in soil science

The most common inaccuracies and errors in the application of statistical methods found in Russian publications on soil science are considered. When designating random variables and distribution parameters in Greek letters, it is necessary to designate those that refer to general populations, and Latin letters – to sampling ones. A detailed description of the experiment and what the replications relate to allows you to draw correct conclusions from the study. It is necessary to avoid pseudoreplication when results at closely located sampling points are considered as characteristics of soil variability over large distances. Expanding the list of descriptive statistics will allow you to use a specific study in meta-analysis. Calculating the confidence interval for the average using the Student's test at different significance levels expands the scope of possible values of the average, but this approach is justified only if the indicator does not differ too much from the normal distribution. When testing statistical hypotheses, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the level of significance, but also to the power of the criterion. The normality distribution hypothesis can be tested using various criteria. The success of applying the criterion depends not only on the validity of the null hypothesis (a truly normal distribution), but also on other reasons: on the sample size and on the alternatives for which the criterion tests the hypothesis. Any statement about the type of relationship between features based on the correlation coefficient (Pearson or Spearman) is meaningless without specifying the number of replicates, since it is the number of replicates that determines the significance of the difference between the correlation coefficient and zero. It is proposed that authors and reviewers pay closer attention to such errors

Genomic and phenotypic analysis of Vavilov's historic landraces reveals the impact of environment and genomic islands of agronomic traits.

The Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), in St. Petersburg, Russia, houses a unique genebank, with historical collections of landraces. When they were collected, the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of most crops closely reflected their historical patterns of cultivation established over the preceding millennia. We employed a combination of genomics, computational biology and phenotyping to characterize VIR's 147 chickpea accessions from Turkey and Ethiopia, representing chickpea's center of origin and a major location of secondary diversity. Genotyping by sequencing identified 14,059 segregating polymorphisms and genome-wide association studies revealed 28 GWAS hits in potential candidate genes likely to affect traits of agricultural importance. The proportion of polymorphisms shared among accessions is a strong predictor of phenotypic resemblance, and of environmental similarity between historical sampling sites. We found that 20 out of 28 polymorphisms, associated with multiple traits, including days to maturity, plant phenology, and yield-related traits such as pod number, localized to chromosome 4. We hypothesize that selection and introgression via inadvertent hybridization between more and less advanced morphotypes might have resulted in agricultural improvement genes being aggregated to genomic 'agro islands', and in genotype-to-phenotype relationships resembling widespread pleiotropy

Гранулематозные заболевания легких

Granulomatous lung disease is a heterogeneous group of diseases with different etiology, clinical symptoms and tissue damage, and different response to therapy. The prevalent histological sign of granulomatous lung disease is granuloma which is the clinical and morphological entity of this disease. The aim of this review was to describe a diversity of granulomatous diseases, key morphological features of infectious and non-infectious granulomatosis, and a diagnostic approach. Granuloma is a result of chronic inflammation involving cells of macrophage system and other inflammatory cells. Antigens activate T-lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelioid cells and polynuclear giant cells which form granuloma. Also, granuloma contains the extracellular matrix that is produced by fibroblasts and is intended to isolate the antigen. Granulomas could be infectious and non-infectious but, according to recent findings, microorganisms could cause granuloma formation in cases considered as non-infectious diseases. Therefore, sometimes it is difficult to estimate infectious or non-infectious origin of the disease.Гранулематозные болезни – это гетерогенная группа заболеваний различной этиологии, проявляющихся разнообразными клиническими синдромами и вариантами тканевых изменений, неоднородной чувствительностью к терапии и преобладанием общего доминирующего гистологического признака – наличия гранулем, которые определяют клинико-морфологическую сущность каждой болезни. Целью настоящей работы является привлечение внимания читателей к разнообразию гранулематозных заболеваний, а также описание ключевых моментов патологоанатомических проявлений различных болезней инфекционной и неинфекционной природы и определение подхода к дифференциальной диагностике гранулематозов. Гранулема является хронической воспалительной реакцией, в которой принимают участие клетки макрофагальной системы и другие клетки воспаления. После воздействия антигена происходит активация T-лимфоцитов, макрофагов, эпителиоидных клеток и гигантских многоядерных клеток, приводящая к образованию гранулемы. Гранулема включает также внеклеточный матрикс, продуцируемый фибробластами, позволяющий отграничить и изолировать антиген. Гранулематозные заболевания по этиологии классифицируются на инфекционные и неинфекционные. Однако согласно последним исследованиям, патогенные микроорганизмы могут быть причиной развития гранулем при заболеваниях, ранее считавшихся неинфекционными. В ряде случаев классифицировать гранулематозный процесс как инфекционный и неинфекционный представляется затруднительным

Об интерстициальных пневмониях: ответы на вопросы профессора М.М.Ильковича и рассуждения на актуальную тему

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The Importance of High-Resolution Computed Tomography in the Early Diagnosis of Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Objective: to determine the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) signs and their combinations, suggesting the presence of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP).   Material and methods. The study included 52 patients with pathologically verified diagnosis of FHP who were examined according to the 2021 consensus criteria. All patients had lung HRCT no more than 4 months prior to lung biopsy. The analysis of the changes revealed during HRCT was carried out by qualitative and semi-quantitative methods. The presence of individual signs, the degree of their severity (as percentage relative to the volume of the entire lung tissue) and the features of distribution in the axial and longitudinal planes were taken into account. To search for significant combinations of HRCT signs, a correlation analysis was carried out.   Results. The most common HRCT signs in the examined group of FHP patients were reticular changes (96 %) and ground glass opacity (88 %). Most of the patients had signs that did not correspond to the picture of “typical FHP”, such as ground glass and emphysema. Relatively rare cases were centrilobular lesions (46.2 %) and mosaic attenuation (52 %), which are traditionally part of the “typical FHP” picture. In 22 cases (42.3 %) there were signs of emphysema, the presence of which significantly complicated the interpretation of HRCT data even in the cases of characteristic signs of FHP. Correlations of almost all HRCT signs were weak. The most common combinations of features were ground glass + reticular changes, emphysema + honeycombing, reticular changes + bronchiectasis. The combination of ground glass and reticular changes had a moderate correlation, but it has low specificity.   Conclusion. The HRCT picture of changes in the lungs among patients with a morphologically verified diagnosis of FHP has important features. A weak correlation between the signs does not allow to identify their combinations that can help in the early diagnosis of FHP with sufficient reliability

Этиология, патогенез и патологическая анатомия диффузного альвеолярного повреждения

The paper considers the current concept of diffuse alveolar lesion (DAL), a rather rare condition that requires intensive care measures. The clinicomorphological manifestation of DAL is adult respiratory distress syndrome. The causes of DAL occurring with an infectious process, including septic conditions, as well as with inhalations of toxic gases and aerosols; shock, radiation, drug therapy, etc. are presented. The pathogenesis of DAL and its pathological anatomy is described in detail, pathological lung alterations in different periods after the onset of the disease being characterized.В настоящей статье рассматривается современная концепция диффузного альвеолярного повреждения (ДАП) — достаточно часто встречающегося состояния, требующего проведения интенсивных терапевтических мероприятий. Клиническим проявлением морфологии ДАП является респираторный дистресс-синдром взрослых. Приведены причины возникновения ДАП — на фоне инфекционного процесса, включая септические состояния; ингаляций токсичных газов и аэрозолей; при шоке; действии радиации; лекарственной терапии и др. Подробно описан патогенез развития ДАП и патологическая анатомия, при этом характеризуются патологические изменения в легких на разных сроках от начала развития заболевания

Demonstration Exam in the System of Higher Education as an Objective Reality

Положительный для развития системы среднего профессионального образования опыт проведения демонстрационных экзаменов как формы промежуточной и государственной итоговой аттестации требует такой формы оценки профессиональных знаний и умений и от обучающихся высшей школы. О правоте этого тезиса говорит и Концепция подготовки педагогических кадров для системы образования на период до 2030 года, где предусматривается проведение демонстрационного экзамена как экзамена профессионального, в комплексе оценивающего результаты подготовки педагогов общего образования. Модель внедрения демонстрационного экзамена в Государственную итоговую аттестацию выпускников РГППУ позволит независимым экспертам оценить предметные умения обучающихся, в том числе цифровые навыки (при промежуточной аттестации), а также педагогические, методические, психологические умения выпускников (при государственной итоговой аттестации).Positive for the development of the system of secondary vocational education, the experience of conducting demonstration examinations as a form of intermediate and state final certification requires such a form of assessment of professional knowledge and skills from students of higher education. The correctness of this thesis is also evidenced by the Concept of Teacher Training for the Education System for the Period up to 2030, which provides for a demonstration exam as a professional exam that comprehensively evaluates the results of training teachers of general education. The model of introducing a demonstration exam into the State Final Certification of RSVPU graduates will allow independent experts to assess the subject skills of students, including digital skills (with intermediate certification), as well as pedagogical, methodological, psychological skills of graduates (with state final certification)