La banda de pueblo de la parroquia Cubijíes - Chimborazo, incidencia cultural, recopilación, análisis, y transcripción de partituras durante los años 1970-1975

La presente investigación se enmarca en un trabajo etnomusicológico orientado a valorar las obras musicales que fueron interpretadas por la banda de pueblo de Cubijíes durante los años 1970–1975, debido a la incidencia cultural que tuvieron en la región. Max Jardow, (2004) plantea qué la etnomusicología estudia los diversos grupos culturales y sociales de todo el mundo por lo cual su área de investigación abarca generalmente la música popular tradicional. ( p. 05 ). La recopilación de partichelas de las obras interpretadas por la banda del pueblo representativas de los diferentes géneros musicales se dio en la parroquia de Cubijíes– Chimborazo, gracias a la colaboración de músicos integrantes, ex integrantes y familiares de los mismos. Dentro de estas, encontramos marchas religiosas, pasacalles tonadas, albazos capishcas, danzantes, pasillos y sanjuanitos. En la parte armónica, se referencia al compositor Paúl Hindemith; en cuanto al análisis musical de las obras en el aspecto rítmico, melódico y armónico se realiza bajo el enfoque de Margarita y Arantza Lorenzo Arizábal. El trabajo de campo comprende la entrevista no estructurada y encuesta por muestreo a los músicos y personas conocedoras de la historia del pueblo de Cubijíes. Se utilizó los métodos analítico–sintético, histórico–lógico, científico e inductivo–deductivo. Fue necesario contar con la digitalización y transcripción de partituras pues, estas permitirán ampliar el repertorio, y tener un referente musical para estas nuevas generaciones de músicos de banda.The present research is part of an ethnomusicological work oriented to value the musical works that were interpreted by the band of town of Cubijíes during years 1970-1975 due to the cultural incidence that had in the region. Max Jardow, argues that ethnomusicology studies the diverse cultural and social groups of the world, reason why its area of investigation generally covers the traditional popular music. (2004, P. 05 ). The compilation of partichelas of the works interpreted by the band of the town, representative of the different musical genres ocurred took place in the parish of Cubijíes- Chimborazo thanks to the collaboration of musicians, ex-members and relatives of the same. Within these, we find religious marches, tonal pasacalles, albazos, capishscas, dancers, corridors and sanjuanitos. In the harmonic part, reference is made to the composer Paul Hindemith; As far as the musical analysis of the works in the rhytmic, melodic and harmonic aspect is realized under the approach of Margarita and Arantza Lorenzo Arizábal. The field work includes the unstructured interview and tow of Cubijíes. We used the methods analytic-synthectic, historical-logical, scientific and inductive-deductive. It is necessary to have the digitization and transcription of scores because, these will allow to expand the repertoire and have a musical reference for new generations of band musicians.Magíster en MusicologíaCuenc

Estudio de los principales componentes químicos no volátiles asociados a la calidad del cacao “Nacional” de Ecuador, como herramienta en la certificación de origen

[SPA] El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral fue caracterizar los principales componentes químicos no volátiles, y el efecto de la zona geográfica de producción, sobre el contenido de estos fitoquímicos, en cacao Nacional ecuatoriano, como herramienta objetiva de calidad. De este modo, considerando que el cacao es uno de los principales productos de exportación del Ecuador, el presente trabajo podría servir para establecer nuevos parámetros para evaluar la calidad, certificar el origen y agregar valor al cacao ecuatoriano. Para lograr este objetivo, en primer lugar, se estableció un plan de muestreo, seleccionando las tres provincias de mayor producción de cacao Nacional en la región Litoral (Costa del Pacífico) y en la región Amazónica del Ecuador. En cada provincia se seleccionaron 3 cantones y en cada cantón 5 fincas de productores, tomándose un total de 85 muestras por duplicado. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando los métodos estandarizados en el laboratorio de Servicio de Análisis e Investigación en Alimentos (LSAIA) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) en Ecuador. Una vez obtenidas las muestras, se procedió a determinar el contenido de metilxantinas (teobromina y cafeína) y el ratio de las mismas. Esta caracterización permitió establecer que el cacao Nacional ecuatoriano presenta mayores contenidos de teobromina, menores contenidos de cafeína y una relación teobromina/cafeína que varía en el rango de 5.2 a 7.6. Dicha relación permitió clasificar a esta variedad de cacao dentro del grupo de cacao tipo Trinitario. Todo ello demostró que los materiales ecuatorianos son “Finos”, puesto que comercialmente, a nivel mundial, se reconoce a los cacaos de tipo Trinitario y Criollo, como materiales para elaboración de chocolates “Finos”. El contenido en estas metilxantinas fue mayor en las muestras recogidas en la región amazónica. Posteriormente, se procedió a la determinación del contenido total en compuestos fenólicos y el contenido de los principales flavan-3-oles presentes en el cacao Nacional ecuatoriano. Los resultados demostraron que esta variedad de cacao presenta contenidos de compuestos fenólicos totales en el rango de 33.55 ± 5.74 a 71.66 ± 3.94 mg GAE/g DW. Adicionalmente, su perfil de compuestos fenólicos presenta altos contenidos de (-)-epicatequina, seguido de (+)-catequina y procianidina B2, así como menores concentraciones de procianidina C1. Lo cual confirma que el cacao Nacional ecuatoriano, presenta contenidos apreciables de compuestos bioactivos, los mismos que influyen en sus características organolépticas, color y astringencia. Por otro lado, diferentes zonas de producción de cacao Nacional, se relacionaron con diferencias estadísticas significativas, en la concentración de estos compuestos. Finalmente, se caracterizó el contenido de grasa y el perfil de ácidos grasos, demostrándose que esta variedad especial de cacao presenta contenidos de grasa total que varían en el rango de 45.61 ± 1.27 a 52.13 ± 0.58 g/100g DW. Estos resultados permitieron establecer que el material procedente de la región Amazónica, presenta mayores contenidos de grasa total con relación a los procedentes de la región Costa del Pacífico; lo cual permite otorgar un valor añadido al cacao de esta zona geográfica de producción y mayor precio en el mercado, por su mayor rendimiento en peso para la fabricación de chocolate. Además, se determinó que el 97,7% del perfil de ácidos grasos de esta variedad de cacao está compuesto de cuatros ácidos grasos (ácido palmítico C16:0, ácido esteárico C18:0, ácido oleico C18:1 y ácido linoleico C18:2), lo cual le confiere características diferentes con relación a las otras grasas vegetales. En general, la presente tesis doctoral aportó el desarrollo de una herramienta objetiva de calidad inédita para productores, exportadores e industriales ecuatorianos, así como el establecimiento de mapas característicos en función de estos atributos químicos, con los cuales se puede identificar zonas de producción de cacao Nacional con características definidas, que permiten certificar el origen y mejorar los precios en el mercado internacional.[ENG] The objective of this doctoral thesis was to characterize the main non-volatile chemical components and the effect of the geographical area of production on the content of these phytochemicals in Ecuadorian Nacional cocoa, as an objective quality tool. In this way, considering that cocoa is one of the main export products from Ecuador, the present work could serve to establish new parameters to evaluate the quality, certify the origin and add value to the Ecuadorian cocoa. To achieve this objective, in the first place, a sampling plan was established, selecting the three provinces with the highest production of National cocoa in the Litoral region (Pacific Coast) and in the Amazon region of Ecuador. In each province, three cantons were selected and in each canton five producer farms, taking a total of 85 samples in duplicate. The analysis was carried out using standardized methods in the Food Analysis and Research Service Laboratory (LSAIA) of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP) in Ecuador. Once the samples were obtained, the content of methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) and their ratio were determined. This characterization allowed to establish that the Ecuadorian Nacional cocoa has higher theobromine contents, lower caffeine contents and a theobromine/caffeine ratio that varies in the range of 5.2 to 7.6. This relationship allowed classifying this variety of cocoa within the group of Trinitario type cocoa, proving that the Ecuadorian materials are fine. Trinitario and Criollo type cocoas are recognized commercially worldwide as materials for making “Fine” chocolates. The content of these methylxanthines was higher in the samples collected in the Amazon region. Subsequently, the total content of phenolic compounds and the content of the main flavan-3-ols present in Ecuadorian Nacional cocoa were determined. The results showed that this variety of cocoa present contents of total phenolic compounds in the range of 33.55 ± 5.74 - 71.66 ± 3.94 mg GAE/g DW. Additionally, its profile of phenolic compounds presents high contents of (-)-epicatechin, followed by (+)-catechin and procyanidin B2, as well as lower concentrations of procyanidin C1. This confirms that the Ecuadorian Nacional cocoa present appreciable contents of bioactive compounds, the same ones that influence its organoleptic characteristics, color and astringency. On the other hand, different Nacional cocoa production areas were related to statistically significant differences in the concentration of these compounds. Finally, the fat content and the fatty acid profile were characterized; demonstrating that this special variety of cocoa has total fat contents that vary in the range of 45.61 ± 1.27 to 52.13 ± 0.58 g/100g DW. These results made possible to establish that cocoa from the Amazon region has a higher total fat content compared to those from the Pacific Coast region; this study allows adding value to the cocoa for its geographical area of production and a higher price in the market. The yield in weight is higher for the manufacture of chocolate. In addition, it was determined that 97.7% of the fatty acid profile of this variety of cocoa is composed of four fatty acids (palmitic acid C16:0, stearic acid C18:0, oleic acid C18:1 and linoleic acid C18:2), which gives it different characteristics compared to other vegetable fats. In general, this doctoral thesis contributed to the development of an objective tool of unpublished quality for Ecuadorian producers, exporters and industrialists, as well as the establishment of characteristic maps based on these chemical attributes, with which National cocoa production zones can be identified with defined characteristics. This study will allow certifying the origin and improving prices in the international market.Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de CartagenaUniversidad Politécnica de CartagenaPrograma de Doctorado en Técnicas avanzadas en investigación y desarrollo agrario y alimentari

Un Enfoque Evolutivo Multi-Objetivo al Problema de la Construcción de Grupos de Estudiantes Universitarios

The creation of working groups of students in education is a common process that is often developed by the teacher intuitively. However, such a process is actually a complex task since various students and criteria must be taken into account. In general, these criteria are often in conflict because they are a reflection of the educational interests of teachers and on the other hand, the individual preferences of students. In this sense, this paper has as general goal: to propose a mathematicalcomputational solution that efficiently automatizes, in terms of computational time and solution quality, the creation of working groups of college students. The results obtained from two real scenarios of the Universidad Tecnica Estatal de Quevedo indicate that the proposal is an effective alternative to the traditional model. &nbsp

Antioxidant Purple Corn Protein Concentrate from Germinated Andean Purple Corn Seeds

Ecuador Andean purple corn (Zea mays L.) was subjected to a germination process at 15–40 °C for 24–168 incubation hours. Purple corn protein concentrates (PCPCs) were obtained by alkaline extraction at pH 8.0 and pH 10.0, followed by an isoelectric precipitation process at pH 4.0, pH 5.0 and pH 6.0. Proteins and phenolic content of PCPCs was calculated. PCPC antioxidant properties were determined by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in vitro method and by the 2,2-azinobis, 3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, (ABTS) in vitro method. Andean purple corn seeds were able to germinate under the germination conditions tested in this study. The higher percentage of germination was of 63.33% at 168 h/25 °C. The PCPCs protein profile was characterized for the presence of six bands with molecular weights of 14.50 kDa, 20.12 kDa, 25.18 kDa, 41.85 kDa, 59.59 kDa, and 65.87 kDa. Germinated PCPC presented a high TPC content with ranges of 605.71–1820.00 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g PCPC dry weight (DW), germinated PCPC/72 h/25 °C presented a higher value of 1820.00 mg GAE/g PCPC, DW. All germinated PCPCs samples assayed presented strong antioxidant activity when measured by the ABTS and FRAP methods. Germinated PCPC/144 h/35 °C presented high antioxidant activity by ABTS with 804.35 µmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g PCPC DW and germinated PCPC/144 h/30 °C presented a high value by the FRAP method, 987.83 µmol TE/g PCPC DW

Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of a Morphotype Of Oregano (O. Vulgare L.) Cultivated in Two Locations of the Ecuadorian Sierra

Oregano (O.vulgare L.) is a species introduced in the Ecuadorian flora. Because of its properties it is highly appreciated and consumed, and it is important to determine the nature of its benefits. The chemical composition and the content of functional compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity of the plant identified by the INIAP Germplasm Bank as ECU-20229 were evaluated. It was cultivated in two areas of the provinces of Imbabura (Italquí) and Pichincha (Tumbaco). The whole plant and its parts (root, stem and leaves) were analyzed in order to determine where the highest content was found. Proximal analysis, minerals, polyphenols and total flavonoids were analyzed, as well as the antioxidant capacity. The analyses carried out on the plant parts showed significant differences, determining the influence of the environment where it was grown. It was possible to determine the presence of nutrients such as protein, fat and carbohydrates, which is higher in the leaves; macro elements are abundant in the stem and leaves and micro elements are found in greater quantity when it was cultivated in Italquí, as well as the content of polyphenols and total flavonoids; the antioxidant capacity is higher in the environmental conditions of Tumbaco. The properties described for this plant have been proven to benefit human and animal health, as well as adding value to its wasted parts.&nbsp

Retos de la educación inicial ante el COVID-19

In the last two years we have perceived a global health crisis never before seen in all time, which has drastically impacted all sectors and nations of our planet earth, which has led the regimes in power to make alternatives and decisions that have impacted the daily life of the entire population economically, socially and including the educational system. At the global level, this pandemic forced us to confine ourselves and among which it was oriented to receive schooling virtually, leaving aside face-to-face classes, especially at the initial education level, knowing that it aims to during the first years of life the human being in this case the children learn from their environment. The present study consists of knowing the challenges that the initial education level faces against COVID-19, for which bibliographic documents were analyzed, an analysis was carried out on several educational institutions in which teachers have been reluctant to use the various technologies such as platforms, content, among others, as well as the concern of parents, who play an important role in the confinement process. Currently in our country, by the Ministry of Education, it has been arranged that admission to face-to-face classes be resumed without taking into account the danger that the pandemic still entails and for children, initial education, the educational community and society.RESUMEN En los dos últimos años hemos percibido una crisis mundial sanitaria nunca antes vista en todos los tiempos, que ha impactado drásticamente a todos los sectores y naciones de nuestro planeta tierra, las cuales ha llevado a los regímenes de turno a tomar alternativas y decisiones que han impactado la vida cotidiana de toda la población en lo económico, social e incluido el sistema educativo. A nivel mundial esta pandemia nos obligó a confinarnos y entre las cuales se oriento a recibir la escolaridad de manera virtual dejando a un lado las clases presenciales especialmente en el nivel de educación inicial, a sabiendas que la misma tiene como objetivo que durante los primeros años de vida el ser humano en este caso los niños aprenden de su entorno. El presente estudio consiste en conocer los retos que enfrenta el nivel de educación inicial frente al COVID-19, para la cual se analizó documentos bibliográficos, se realizó un análisis a varias instituciones educativas en las cuales los maestros se han visto renuentes a utilizar las diversas tecnologías como plataformas, contenidos, entre otros, así como la preocupación de padres de familia los mismos que representan un papel importante en el proceso de confinamiento. Actualmente en nuestro país por parte del ministerio de educación se ha dispuesto que se retome el ingreso a clases presenciales sin tomar en cuenta el peligro que conlleva aun la pandemia y para los niños, de educación inicial, comunidad educativa y sociedad