Analyse des déterminants d’instrumentation du pilotage de la masse salariale en contexte PME Maliennes

Cette étude porte sur l’analyse du lien entre l’instrumentation du pilotage de la masse salariale et les facteurs de contingence. Elle part du postulat selon lequel la construction d’un système de contrôle exige en général une approche sur-mesure (Giraud et al, 2005). Nous avons recours à l'approche méthodologique mixe, combinant l’étude qualitative et quantitative. La démarche adoptée est hypothéticodéductive. La posture épistémologique adoptée est positiviste. La taille de l’échantillon se compose de 15 dirigeants pour l’étude qualitative et 75 PME pour l’étude quantitative. Partant des tests du Khi-deux et d’Anova, la recherche démontre que le pilotage de la masse salariale dans les PME maliennes est effectivement instrumenté. Nonobstant, on remarque la présence d’un mode de régulation informel alternatif associé au système de pilotage de certaines d’entre elles. Le système de pilotage de la masse salariale dans ces unités, intègre des outils tels (bilan social ; tableau de bord RH ; budget des charges du personnel, système de GPEC) dont le choix dépend à la fois des facteurs de contingence structurelle (chiffre d’affaires) et comportementale (niveau d’étude, et formation de base du dirigeant). Dans l’ensemble, les facteurs de contingence comportementale montrent plus d’effet statistiquement significatif sur le choix des outils de pilotage, comparés aux facteurs de contingence structurelle

Entités Territoriales Communales Décentralisées et Gouvernance des Ressources Foncières : L’exemple de l’or dans le Ganadougou/Région de Sikasso au Mali

Le Mali est un pays très riche en or. Les orientations économiques des politiques de développement ont contribué à mettre les ressources aurifères au cœur d’une ferveur considérable. Il en résulte des enjeux socio-économiques et politiques à l’œuvre dans la transformation des territoires au plan national et local. Du coup, la question de l’exploitation de l’or, quelle que soit sa forme, présente un intérêt scientifique évident pour les géographes et les économistes. La présente recherche vise certains objectifs. Il s’agit de connaitre l’importance et la nature des pratiques d’exploitation de l’or ; de connaitre les modalités de la gouvernance des ressources foncières aurifères ; de faire une analyse de la traduction spatiale du développement lié à la gouvernance en place. Leur atteinte a nécessité l’observation d’une démarche méthodologique. Celle-ci a été fondée sur l’exploitation de la documentation et les enquêtes de terrain. Fondamentalement les résultats ont permis de comprendre qu’à partir de l’orpaillage traditionnel dont ils assurent la gouvernance, les populations du Ganadougou ont remodelé leur espace en deux types distincts de territoires. Le premier est socialement et économiquement développé. Il s’oppose au deuxième très arriéré sur les mêmes plans. Mali is a country very rich in gold. The economic policy orientations have contributed to putting the gold resources in the middle of a considerable zeal. This leads to the active socio-economic stakes in the transformation of territories at both national and local level. Consequently, the gold operation issue, whatever its form is, presents an obvious scientific interest for the geographers as well as for the economists. This paper focuses on achieving the following goals: to know the importance and the nature of gold operation practices, to know the governance methods of gold property resources, and to analyze the space manifestation of development due to the setting up governance. A methodological approach was made to reach the goals of this research. It was based on documentation process and field surveys. Basically, the results have made it possible to understand that from traditional mining of which the peoples of Ganadougou ensure the governance, they reshaped their space in two separate types of territories. The first is socially and economically developed, which is opposed to the second that is more backward on the same plans

Strategies D’adaptation Des Agropasteurs Aux Changementsclimatiques Dans La Commune Rurale De Diema (Mali)

La désertification et la dégradation des ressources naturelles induites par les changements climatiques pourraient exacerber l’insécurité alimentaire au Mali, en particulier dans les zones fragiles qui sont en déficit pluviométrique. C’est dans le but de contribuer à la résilience des agropasteurs face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques que cette étude a été réalisée. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des enquêtes ménages ont été conduites au niveau de huit (8) villages de la commune rurale de Diéma par l’intermédiaire des fiches d’enquêtes individuelles auprès de 188 agropasteurs, des focus group dans chaque village et des entretiens avec les personnes ressources opérant dans la zone d’étude. Les données d’enquêtes ont été traitées à l’aide du logiciel SPSS (Statistical Package on Social Science) et du tableur Excel. Les résultats ont montré que les risques climatiques majeurs identifiés sont : la sécheresse, l’inondation, le déficit pluviométrique, les vents violents, la hausse des températures et la vague de chaleur avec respectivement les indice d’impact de 39, 35, 34, 24, 22, 21. Différentes stratégies ont été développées aussi bien par le passé que de nos jours pour faire face à ces risques climatiques. Ces stratégies comprennent le déstockage stratégique et la mobilité selon 40,4 % des enquêtés ; la conservation des fourrages selon 21.3 % des enquêtés et l’organisation de la pâture nocturne et la diversification des activités (le maraîchage, le petit commerce) selon 36,7 % des enquêtés. Mais elles demeurent moins efficaces. Pour aider les agropasteurs à se prémunir davantage des effets néfastes des changements climatiques, des options d’adaptation sont envisageables notamment la sécurisation de la mobilité pastorale, l’adoption des races résistantes à la sécheresse et la promotion des cultures fourragères.   Desertification and the degradation of natural resources induced by climate change could exacerbate food insecurity in Mali, particularly in fragile areas which are in deficit in rainfall. It is with the aim of contributing to the resilience of agro-pastoralists in the face of the adverse effects of climate change that this study was carried out. To achieve this objective, household surveys were conducted in eight (8) villages of the rural municipality of Diéma through individual survey sheets with 188 agro-pastoralists, focus groups in each village and interviews with resource persons operating in the study area. Survey data were processed using Statistical Package on Social Science (SPSS) software and an Excel spreadsheet. The results showed that the major climatic risks identified are: drought, flooding, rainfall deficit, strong winds, temperature rise and heat wave with respectively impact indexes of 39, 35, 34, 24, 22, 21. Different strategies have been developed both in the past and nowadays to deal with these climatic risks. These strategies include strategic destocking and mobility according to 40.4% of respondents; conservation of fodder according to 21.3% of respondents and organization of night grazing and diversification of activities (market gardening, petty trading) according to 36.7% of respondents. But they remain less effective. To help agro-pastoralists to protect themselves more from the harmful effects of climate change, adaptation options can be envisaged, in particular securing pastoral mobility, the adoption of drought-resistant breeds and the promotion of fodder crops

Artemether–lumefantrine with or without single-dose primaquine and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine with or without single-dose tafenoquine to reduce Plasmodium falciparum transmission: a phase 2, single-blind, randomised clinical trial in Ouelessebougou, Mali

Background: Artemether–lumefantrine is widely used for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria; sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine is used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention. We aimed to determine the efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine with and without primaquine and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine with and without tafenoquine for reducing gametocyte carriage and transmission to mosquitoes. Methods: In this phase 2, single-blind, randomised clinical trial conducted in Ouelessebougou, Mali, asymptomatic individuals aged 10–50 years with P falciparum gametocytaemia were recruited from the community and randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to receive either artemether–lumefantrine, artemether–lumefantrine with a single dose of 0·25 mg/kg primaquine, sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine, or sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine with a single dose of 1·66 mg/kg tafenoquine. All trial staff other than the pharmacist were masked to group allocation. Participants were not masked to group allocation. Randomisation was done with a computer-generated randomisation list and concealed with sealed, opaque envelopes. The primary outcome was the median within-person percent change in mosquito infection rate in infectious individuals from baseline to day 2 (artemether–lumefantrine groups) or day 7 (sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine groups) after treatment, assessed by direct membrane feeding assay. All participants who received any trial drug were included in the safety analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05081089. Findings: Between Oct 13 and Dec 16, 2021, 1290 individuals were screened and 80 were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups (20 per group). The median age of participants was 13 (IQR 11–20); 37 (46%) of 80 participants were female and 43 (54%) were male. In individuals who were infectious before treatment, the median percentage reduction in mosquito infection rate 2 days after treatment was 100·0% (IQR 100·0–100·0; n=19; p=0·0011) with artemether–lumefantrine and 100·0% (100·0–100·0; n=19; p=0·0001) with artemether–lumefantrine with primaquine. Only two individuals who were infectious at baseline infected mosquitoes on day 2 after artemether–lumefantrine and none at day 5. By contrast, the median percentage reduction in mosquito infection rate 7 days after treatment was 63·6% (IQR 0·0–100·0; n=20; p=0·013) with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine and 100% (100·0–100·0; n=19; p<0·0001) with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine with tafenoquine. No grade 3–4 or serious adverse events occurred. Interpretation: These data support the effectiveness of artemether–lumefantrine alone for preventing nearly all mosquito infections. By contrast, there was considerable post-treatment transmission after sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine; therefore, the addition of a transmission-blocking drug might be beneficial in maximising its community impact. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Long-term cellular immunity of vaccines for Zaire Ebola Virus Diseases

Recent Ebola outbreaks underscore the importance of continuous prevention and disease control efforts. Authorized vaccines include Merck’s Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV) and Johnson & Johnson’s two-dose combination (Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo). Here, in a five-year follow-up of the PREVAC randomized trial (NCT02876328), we report the results of the immunology ancillary study of the trial. The primary endpoint is to evaluate long-term memory T-cell responses induced by three vaccine regimens: Ad26–MVA, rVSV, and rVSV–booster. Polyfunctional EBOV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses increase after Ad26 priming and are further boosted by MVA, whereas minimal responses are observed in the rVSV groups, declining after one year. In-vitro expansion for eight days show sustained EBOV-specific T-cell responses for up to 60 months post-prime vaccination with both Ad26-MVA and rVSV, with no decline. Cytokine production analysis identify shared biomarkers between the Ad26-MVA and rVSV groups. In secondary endpoint, we observed an elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines at Day 7 in the rVSV group. Finally, we establish a correlation between EBOV-specific T-cell responses and anti-EBOV IgG responses. Our findings can guide booster vaccination recommendations and help identify populations likely to benefit from revaccination

Temporal dynamic of malaria in a suburban area along the Niger River

Abstract Background Even if rainfall and temperature are factors classically associated to malaria, little is known about other meteorological factors, their variability and combinations related to malaria, in association with river height variations. Furthermore, in suburban area, urbanization and growing population density should be assessed in relation to these environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of combined environmental, meteorological and hydrological factors on malaria incidence through time in the context of urbanization. Methods Population observational data were prospectively collected. Clinical malaria was defined as the presence of parasites in addition to clinical symptoms. Meteorological and hydrological factors were measured daily. For each factors variation indices were estimated. Urbanization was yearly estimated assessing satellite imaging and field investigations. Principal component analysis was used for dimension reduction and factors combination. Lags between malaria incidences and the main components were assessed by cross-correlation functions. Generalized additive model was used to assess relative impact of different environmental components, taking into account lags, and modelling non-linear relationships. Change-point analysis was used to determine transmission periods within years. Results Malaria incidences were dominated by annual periodicity and varied through time without modification of the dynamic, with no impact of the urbanization. The main meteorological factor associated with malaria was a combination of evaporation, humidity and rainfall, with a lag of 3 months. The relationship between combined temperature factors showed a linear impact until reaching high temperatures limiting malaria incidence, with a lag 3.25 months. Height and variation of the river were related to malaria incidence (respectively 6 week lag and no lag). Conclusions The study emphasizes no decreasing trend of malaria incidence despite accurate access to care and control strategies in accordance to international recommendations. Furthermore, no decreasing trend was showed despite the urbanization of the area. Malaria transmission remain increase 3 months after the beginning of the dry season. Addition to evaporation versus humidity/rainfall, nonlinear relationship for temperature and river height and variations have to be taken into account when implementing malaria control programmes

A cross-sectional study of the filarial and Leishmania co-endemicity in two ecologically distinct settings in Mali

Abstract Background Filariasis and leishmaniasis are two neglected tropical diseases in Mali. Due to distribution and associated clinical features, both diseases are of concern to public health. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of co-infection with filarial (Wuchereria bancrofti and Mansonella perstans) and Leishmania major parasites in two ecologically distinct areas of Mali, the Kolokani district (villages of Tieneguebougou and Bougoudiana) in North Sudan Savanna area, and the district of Kolondieba (village of Boundioba) in the South Sudan Savanna area. Methods The prevalence of co-infection (filarial and Leishmania) was measured based on (i) Mansonella perstans microfilaremia count and/or filariasis immunochromatographic test (ICT) for Wuchereria bancrofti-specific circulating antigen, and (ii) the prevalence of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to Leishmania measured by leishmanin skin test (LST). Results In this study, a total of 930 volunteers between the age of 18 and 65 were included from the two endemic areas of Kolokani and Kolondieba. In general, in both areas, filarial infection was more prevalent than Leishmania infection with an overall prevalence of 15.27% (142/930) including 8.7% (81/930) for Mansonella perstans and 8% (74/930) for Wuchereria bancrofti-specific circulating antigen. The prevalence of Leishmania major infection was 7.7% (72/930) and was significantly higher in Tieneguebougou and Bougoudiana (15.05%; 64/425) than in Boundioba (2.04%; 8/505) (χ2 = 58.66, P < 0.0001). Among the filarial infected population, nearly 10% (14/142) were also positive for Leishmania with an overall prevalence of co-infection of 1.50% (14/930) varying from 2.82% (12/425) in Tieneguebougou and Bougoudiana to 0.39% (2/505) in Boundioba (P = 0.0048). Conclusion This study established the existence of co-endemicity of filarial and Leishmania infections in specific regions of Mali. Since both filarial and Leishmania infections are vector-borne with mosquitoes and sand flies as respective vectors, an integrated vector control approach should be considered in co-endemic areas. The effect of potential interaction between filarial and Leishmania parasites on the disease outcomes may be further studied

Single low-dose tafenoquine combined with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine to reduce Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Ouelessebougou, Mali: a phase 2, single-blind, randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Tafenoquine was recently approved as a prophylaxis and radical cure for Plasmodium vivax infection, but its Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking efficacy is unclear. We aimed to establish the efficacy and safety of three single low doses of tafenoquine in combination with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for reducing gametocyte density and transmission to mosquitoes. METHODS: In this four-arm, single-blind, phase 2, randomised controlled trial, participants were recruited at the Clinical Research Unit of the Malaria Research and Training Centre of the University of Bamako in Mali. Eligible participants were aged 12-50 years, with asymptomatic P falciparum microscopy-detected gametocyte carriage, had a bodyweight of 80 kg or less, and had no clinical signs of malaria defined by fever. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to standard treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus a single dose of tafenoquine (in solution) at a final dosage of 0·42 mg/kg, 0·83 mg/kg, or 1·66 mg/kg. Randomisation was done with a computer-generated randomisation list and concealed with sealed, opaque envelopes. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine was administered as oral tablets over 3 days (day 0, 1, and 2), as per manufacturer instructions. A single dose of tafenoquine was administered as oral solution on day 0 in parallel with the first dose of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Tafenoquine dosing was based on bodyweight to standardise efficacy and risk variance. The primary endpoint, assessed in the per-protocol population, was median percentage change in mosquito infection rate 7 days after treatment compared with baseline. Safety endpoints included frequency and incidence of adverse events. The final follow-up visit was on Dec 23, 2021; the trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04609098. FINDINGS: From Oct 29 to Nov 25, 2020, 1091 individuals were screened for eligibility, 80 of whom were enrolled and randomly assigned (20 per treatment group). Before treatment, 53 (66%) individuals were infectious to mosquitoes, infecting median 12·50% of mosquitoes (IQR 3·64-35·00). Within-group reduction in mosquito infection rate on day 7 was 79·95% (IQR 57·15-100; p=0·0005 for difference from baseline) following dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine only, 100% (98·36-100; p=0·0005) following dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus tafenoquine 0·42 mg/kg, 100% (100-100; p=0·0001) following dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus tafenoquine 0·83 mg/kg, and 100% (100-100; p=0·0001) following dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus tafenoquine 1·66 mg/kg. 55 (69%) of 80 participants had a total of 94 adverse events over the course of the trial; 86 (92%) adverse events were categorised as mild, seven (7%) as moderate, and one (1%) as severe. The most common treatment-related adverse event was mild or moderate headache, which occurred in 15 (19%) participants (dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine n=2; dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus tafenoquine 0·42 mg/kg n=6; dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus tafenoquine 0·83 mg/kg n=3; and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus tafenoquine 1·66 mg/kg n=4). No serious adverse events occurred. No significant differences in the incidence of all adverse events (p=0·73) or treatment-related adverse events (p=0·62) were observed between treatment groups. INTERPRETATION: Tafenoquine was well tolerated at all doses and accelerated P falciparum gametocyte clearance. All tafenoquine doses showed improved transmission reduction at day 7 compared with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine alone. These data support the case for further research on tafenoquine as a transmission-blocking supplement to standard antimalarials. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. TRANSLATIONS: For the French, Portuguese, Spanish and Swahili translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section