La determinación de los salarios en el mercado de trabajo : el caso de Islandia y Noruega

En este trabajo examinamos el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo de Islandia y Noruega en las últimas décadas y en particular analizamos el proceso de formación salarial desde la óptica de la teoría de la reacción en cadena (TRC). Nuestras ecuaciones de salarios estimadas indican que en ambos países los salarios vienen determinados por los mismos factores: a) un componente que muestra la influencia que ejercen las decisiones del pasado en las decisiones presentes, b) la productividad del empleo, c) los subsidios de desempleo y d) la tasa de desempleo. Así, nuestros resultados refuerzan la hipótesis de la TRC sobre la importancia de utilizar conjuntamente variables estacionarias (instituciones del mercado de trabajo) y variables no estacionarias (variables con tendencia) para analizar el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo o de alguno de sus componentes, como en este caso el proceso de formación salarial.Fil: Salvador, Pablo F.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasFil: Salvi, Mauro. Universidad Nacional de Cuy

La determiación de los salarios en el mercado de trabajo

El objetivo de este trabajo es el de estimar ecuaciones de salarios individuales, según lo que postula la teoría de la reacción en cadena, para Islandia y Noruega con el objeto de establecer cuáles son los determinantes de los salarios en estos dos países nórdicos. Se espera que el presente trabajo brinde resultados que expliquen las causas de las variaciones mostradas por los salarios de ambos países en los últimos años, a partir de su relación directa con otras variables. A tal efecto, primero observaremos la evolución de los principales indicadores macroeconómicos de Islandia y Noruega y su posible relación directa con la tasa de desempleo y luego se analizarán detalladamente las distintas instituciones que componen sus mercados de trabajo, lo cual nos permitirá tener una visión general del funcionamiento macroeconómico de estos dos países y en particular, de sus respectivos mercados de trabajo. Asimismo, se examinarán las teorías económicas más relevantes que analizan el funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo desde una perspectiva macroeconómica, lo cual nos permitirá justificar nuestra elección para el posterior análisis empírico. Finalmente, se estimará una ecuación de salarios para cada país utilizando datos de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OECD por sus siglas en inglés) para el período 1960-2010 con el objetivo de identificar los determinantes de los salarios y calcular el impacto de éstos sobre los salarios a través del cálculo de elasticidades de corto y largo plazo.Fil: Salvi, Mauro. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

Efecto fin de semana en el mercado bursátil: análisis para el Merval entre 1992-2015

Este trabajo busca replicar el análisis de French (1980,) pero para Argentina, utilizando datos diarios del índice Merval para el periodo 1992-2015. Se analizan dos modelos hipotéticos del modelo de generación de retornos: trading time y calendar time. Bajo el primero, el retorno esperado del índice es el mismo para cada día hábil bursátil ya que los retornos se generan únicamente durante los días de mercado. Por su parte, el modelo de calendar time establece que los retornos se generan en forma continua y por lo tanto, excluyendo el retorno de días que suceden feriados bursátiles, el retorno esperado del día lunes es tres veces mayor al retorno del resto de los días de la semana. Los resultados obtenidos permiten rechazar ambos modelos propuestos para el periodo bajo estudio y, al igual que en el mencionado trabajo, el retorno medio del día lunes resultó negativo y estadísitcamente significativo en ese lapso de tiempo. Los resultados que surgen al analizar los retornos de días que suceden a un feriado, sugieren que el retorno medio negativo del día lunes se debe a un efecto fin de semana en lugar de a un efecto mercado cerrado

Role of CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 in anti-cancer combination therapy - potential clinical relevance

Protein kinase CK2 inhibition has long been considered as an attractive anti-cancer strategy based on the following considerations: CK2 is a pro-survival kinase, it is frequently over-expressed in human tumours and its over-expression correlates with a worse prognosis. Preclinical evidence strongly supports the feasibility of this target and, although dozens of CK2 inhibitors have been described in the literature so far, CX-4945 (silmitasertib) was the first that entered into clinical trials for the treatment of both human haematological and solid tumours. However, kinase inhibitor monotherapies turned out to be effective only in a limited number of malignancies, probably due to the multifaceted causes that underlie them, supporting the emerging view that multi-targeted approaches to treat human tumours could be more effective

Fear and anxiety related to COVID-19 pandemic may predispose to perinatal depression in Italy

The COVID-19 pandemic situation significantly affected the mental health of the general and clinical population. However, few studies investigated which COVID-19-related psychopathological determinants may predispose to perinatal depression. We evaluated the impact of COVID-19 related anxiety and fear on perinatal depression in Italy. We retrospectively screened 184 perinatal outpatients afferent to Perinatal Mental Health outpatient service, during March 2020-March 2021, by administering the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19-S) and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). Among these, 85 patients agreed to be recruited in the present study. The mean EPDS score was 9.0, experiencing a clinically relevant perinatal depression in 45.7% of the sample. The mean FCV-19-S score was 15.0 and CAS was 1.7. Linear regression analyses demonstrated that FCV-19-S and CAS scores statistically significantly predicted EPDS total scores. A positive significant correlation was reported between FCV-19-S and EPDS and between CAS and EPDS. During the COVID-19 pandemic, women in their perinatal period, independently of previous psychiatric history, experienced increased levels of anxiety, fear and psychological distress, due to subsequent isolation, quarantine, lockdown and deprivation of their normal social support. Further preventive and screening strategies should be implemented in order to early identify at-risk pregnant and puerperal women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Tools to discriminate between targets of CK2 vs PLK2/PLK3 acidophilic kinases

While the great majority of Ser/Thr protein kinases are basophilic or proline directed, a tiny minority is acidophilic. The most striking example of such "acidophilic" kinases is CK2, whose sites are specified by numerous acidic residues surrounding the target one. However PLK2 and PLK3 kinases recognize an acidic consensus similar to CK2 when tested on peptide libraries. Here we describe optimal buffer conditions for PLK2 and 3 kinase activity assays and tools such as using GTP as a phosphate donor and the specific inhibitors CX-4945 and BI 2536, useful to discriminate between acidic phosphosites generated either by CK2 or by PLK2/PLK

Potent Inhibition of Arterial Intimal Hyperplasia by TIMP1 Gene Transfer using AAV vectors

Seminal to the process of arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty is extracellular matrix degradation by metalloproteinases (MMPs); activity of these proteins is strongly inhibited by the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). Here we exploit gene transfer using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) for TIMP1 gene delivery in a rat model of intimal hyperplasia. High-titer AAV-Timp1 efficiently transduced human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro and inhibited the capacity of these cells to migrate through a Matrigel barrier. In injured rat carotid arteries, AAV vectors were found to transduce SMCs efficiently and to maintain transgene expression for several weeks in vivo. In AAV-Timp1-transduced animals, the intima:media ratio of injured carotids was significantly reduced by 70.5% after 2 weeks, by 58.5% after 1 month, and by 52.4% after 2 months from treatment. The decrease in intimal hyperplasia was paralleled by a significant inhibition of collagen accumulation and by increased elastin deposition in the neointima, two findings that relate to the inhibition of MMP activity. These results indicate that AAV vectors are efficient tools for delivering genes to the arterial wall and emphasize the importance of MMPs for the generation of intimal hyperplasia. Local TIMP1 gene transfer might thus represent an efficient strategy to prevent restenosis

Induction of Functional Neovascularization by Combined VEGF and Angiopoietin-1 Gene Transfer Using AAV Vectors

Vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) deliver therapeutic genes to muscle and heart at high efficiency and maintain transgene expression for long periods of time. Here we report about the synergistic effect on blood vessel formation of AAV vectors expressing the 165 aa isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165), a powerful activator of endothelial cells, and of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), which is required for vessel maturation. High titer AAV-VEGF165 and AAV-Ang-1 vector preparations were injected either alone or in combination in the normoperfused tibialis anterior muscle of rats. Long term expression of VEGF165 determined massive cellular infiltration of the muscle tissues over time, with the formation of a large set of new vessels. Strikingly, some of the cells infiltrating the treated muscles were found positive for markers of activated endothelial precursors (VEGFR-2/KDR and Tie-2) and for c-kit, an antigen expressed by pluripotent bone marrow stem cells. Expression of VEGF165 eventually resulted in the formation of structured vessels surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle cells. Presence of these arteriolae correlated with significantly increased blood perfusion in the injected areas. Co-expression of VEGF165 with angiopoietin-1-which did not display angiogenic effect per se-remarkably reduced leakage of vessels produced by VEGF165 alone