3,819 research outputs found
Thompson Sampling: An Asymptotically Optimal Finite Time Analysis
The question of the optimality of Thompson Sampling for solving the
stochastic multi-armed bandit problem had been open since 1933. In this paper
we answer it positively for the case of Bernoulli rewards by providing the
first finite-time analysis that matches the asymptotic rate given in the Lai
and Robbins lower bound for the cumulative regret. The proof is accompanied by
a numerical comparison with other optimal policies, experiments that have been
lacking in the literature until now for the Bernoulli case.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, submitted to ALT (Algorithmic Learning Theory
Three fermions in a box at the unitary limit: universality in a lattice model
We consider three fermions with two spin components interacting on a lattice
model with an infinite scattering length. Low lying eigenenergies in a cubic
box with periodic boundary conditions, and for a zero total momentum, are
calculated numerically for decreasing values of the lattice period. The results
are compared to the predictions of the zero range Bethe-Peierls model in
continuous space, where the interaction is replaced by contact conditions. The
numerical computation, combined with analytical arguments, shows the absence of
negative energy solution, and a rapid convergence of the lattice model towards
the Bethe-Peierls model for a vanishing lattice period. This establishes for
this system the universality of the zero interaction range limit.Comment: 6 page
5' Guanylylimidodiphosphate, a potent activator of adenylate cyclase systems in eukaryotic cells
5' Guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) stimulates adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity in plasma membranes isolated from frog and salmon erythrocytes, from rat adrenal, hepatic, and fat cells, and from bovine thyroid cells. The nucleotide acts cooperatively with the various hormones (glucagon, secretin, ACTH, thyrotropin, and catecholamines) that stimulate these adenylate cyclase systems with resultant activities that equal or exceed those obtained with hormone plus GTP or with fluoride ion. In the absence of hormones, Gpp(NH)p is a considerably more effective activator than GTP, and, under certain conditions of incubation, stimulates rat fat cell adenylate cyclase to levels of activity (about 20 nmoles of 3',5' adenosine monophosphate mg protein per min) far higher than reported hitherto for any adenylate cyclase system examined. The nucleotide activates frog erythrocyte adenylate cyclase when the catecholamine receptor is blocked by the competitive antagonist, propranolol, and activates the enzyme from an adrenal tumor cell line which lacks functional ACTH receptors. In contrast, Gpp(NH)p does not stimulate adenylate cyclase in extracts from Escherichia coli B. Gpp(NH)p appears to be a useful probe for investigating the mechanism of hormone and nucleotide action on adenylate cyclase systems in eukaryotic cells.published_or_final_versio
Formation of a Matter-Wave Bright Soliton
We report the production of matter-wave solitons in an ultracold lithium 7
gas. The effective interaction between atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate is
tuned with a Feshbach resonance from repulsive to attractive before release in
a one-dimensional optical waveguide. Propagation of the soliton without
dispersion over a macroscopic distance of 1.1 mm is observed. A simple
theoretical model explains the stability region of the soliton. These
matter-wave solitons open fascinating possibilities for future applications in
coherent atom optics, atom interferometry and atom transport.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
On the effect of scalarising norm choice in a ParEGO implementation
Computationally expensive simulations play an increasing role in engineering design, but their use in multi-objective optimization is heavily resource constrained. Specialist optimizers, such as ParEGO, exist for this setting, but little knowledge is available to guide their configuration. This paper uses a new implementation of ParEGO to examine three hypotheses relating to a key configuration parameter: choice of scalarising norm. Two hypotheses consider the theoretical trade-off between convergence speed and ability to capture an arbitrary Pareto front geometry. Experiments confirm these hypotheses in the bi-objective setting but the trade-off is largely unseen in many-objective settings. A third hypothesis considers the ability of dynamic norm scheduling schemes to overcome the trade-off. Experiments using a simple scheme offer partial support to the hypothesis in the bi-objective setting but no support in many-objective contexts. Norm scheduling is tentatively recommended for bi-objective problems for which the Pareto front geometry is concave or unknown
Controlling the cold collision shift in high precision atomic interferometry
We present here a new method based on a transfer of population by adiabatic
passage that allows to prepare cold atomic samples with a well defined ratio of
atomic density and atom number. This method is used to perform a measurement of
the cold collision frequency shift in a laser cooled cesium clock at the
percent level, which makes the evaluation of the cesium fountains accuracy at
the level realistic. With an improved set-up, the adiabatic passage
would allow measurements of atom number-dependent phase shifts at the
level in high precision experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 2 table
Short-distance atomic beam deceleration with a stimulated light force.
We have decelerated a cesium atomic beam from thermal velocities down to several tens of m/s within only a 10 cm slowing distance. A bichromatic standing light wave was used to generate a stimulated force exceeding the spontaneous force limit by a factor of ∼10 and extending over a large, saturation-broadened velocity range. Because of the short slowing distance this method allows production of very intense, continuous beams of slow atoms
Bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer: review of detection methods, prognostic impact and biological issues
Immunocytochemical detection of disseminated tumour cells in the bone marrow of patients with primary breast cancer at surgery has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor in single institutional studies and in a large pooled analysis. However, bone marrow sampling and assessment of disseminated tumour cells is not a routine procedure in the clinical management of patients with breast cancer, but will certainly play a role in the near future for risk stratification and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. Accurate identification of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow must be based on standardised methodologies and procedures. This review describes these methodologies and the standardised morphological criteria used for disseminated tumour cell detection. The prognostic value of circulating tumour cells detection in peripheral blood is demonstrated in patients with metastatic disease but remains to be substantiated at early stage. The significance of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow and in the blood for the prediction of response to therapy is briefly summarised. Finally, this review addresses the main biological questions raised by disseminated tumour cells, in particular understanding tumour dormancy and identifying metastatic stem cells
A Search for Variations of Fundamental Constants using Atomic Fountain Clocks
Over five years we have compared the hyperfine frequencies of 133Cs and 87Rb
atoms in their electronic ground state using several laser cooled 133Cs and
87Rb atomic fountains with an accuracy of ~10^{-15}. These measurements set a
stringent upper bound to a possible fractional time variation of the ratio
between the two frequencies : (d/dt)ln(nu_Rb/nu_Cs)=(0.2 +/- 7.0)*10^{-16}
yr^{-1} (1 sigma uncertainty). The same limit applies to a possible variation
of the quantity (mu_Rb/mu_Cs)*alpha^{-0.44}, which involves the ratio of
nuclear magnetic moments and the fine structure constant.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 1 table submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
Oxygen tension regulates the miRNA profile and bioactivity of exosomes released from extravillous trophoblast cells - liquid biopsies for monitoring complications of pregnancy
Our understanding of how cells communicate has undergone a paradigm shift since the recent recognition of the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling. In this study, we investigated whether oxygen tension alters the exosome release and miRNA profile from extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells, modifying their bioactivity on endothelial cells (EC). Furthermore, we have established the exosomal miRNA profile at early gestation in women who develop pre-eclampsia (PE) and spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB). HTR-8/SVneo cells were used as an EVT model. The effect of oxygen tension (i.e. 8% and 1% oxygen) on exosome release was quantified using nanocrystals (Qdot®) coupled to CD63 by fluorescence NTA. A real-time, live-cell imaging system (Incucyte™) was used to establish the effect of exosomes on EC. Plasma samples were obtained at early gestation (<18 weeks) and classified according to pregnancy outcomes. An Illumina TrueSeq Small RNA kit was used to construct a small RNA library from exosomal RNA obtained from EVT and plasma samples. The number of exosomes was significantly higher in EVT cultured under 1% compared to 8% oxygen. In total, 741 miRNA were identified in exosomes from EVT. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these miRNA were associated with cell migration and cytokine production. Interestingly, exosomes isolated from EVT cultured at 8% oxygen increased EC migration, whilst exosomes cultured at 1% oxygen decreased EC migration. These changes were inversely proportional to TNF-α released from EC. Finally, we have identified a set of unique miRNAs in exosomes from EVT cultured at 1% oxygen and exosomes isolated from the circulation of mothers at early gestation, who later developed PE and SPTB. We suggest that aberrant exosomal signalling by placental cells is a common aetiological factor in pregnancy complications characterised by incomplete SpA remodeling and is therefore a clinically relevant biomarker of pregnancy complications.Grace Truong, Dominic Guanzon, Vyjayanthi Kinhal, Omar Elfeky, Andrew Lai, Sherri Longo, Zarin Nuzhat, Carlos Palma, Katherin Scholz-Romero, Ramkumar Menon, Ben W. Mol, Gregory E. Rice, Carlos Salomo
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