Memory impairment in older adults’ diversionary thoughts

The diversion paradigm was created in the context of explaining the effect of the instruction to forget some recently encoded material in the list-method of the directed forgetting paradigm. The current study of healthy older adults employed the diversion paradigm with two main goals: to determine whether thinking about an autobiographical memory interferes with the recall of recently encoded information and to explore whether the degree of forgetting depends on the temporal distance created by the diversionary thought. Ninety non-institutionalized Portuguese older adults (47 females and 43 males), aged 65 to 69 years, with education levels of between 3 and 6 years participated in this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: presence of depressive symptomatology (assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale-30) and global cognitive deterioration (assessed with the Mini–Mental State Examination). Concerning the diversion paradigm, one group was instructed to think about an autobiographical event (remembering one’s childhood home or the last party that one had attended) after studying one word list (List 1) and before viewing the second word list (List 2). After a brief distraction task, the participant had to recall the words from both of the studied lists. In the control group, the procedure was the same, but the diversionary thought was substituted by a speed reading task. The obtained results showed the amnesic effect of diversionary thought but did not show a greater degree of forgetting when the autobiographical events in the diversionary thoughts were temporally more distant. Considering the practical implications of these results, this study alerts us to the importance of promoting strategies that enable older adults to better remember important information and effectively forget irrelevant information

Sugestionabilidade interrogativa em crianças de 8 e 9 anos de idade

Para estudar a influência das variáveis idade, inteligência, memória, ansiedade geral e desejabilidade social na sugestionabilidade avaliaram-se crianças de 8 e 9 anos de idade com o Bonn Test of Statement Suggestibility (BTSS). Em 145 crianças averiguou-se o efeito das variáveis memória e inteligência não verbal e, numa subamostra de 74 crianças, para além das variáveis referidas, considerou-se também a inteligência verbal, ansiedade geral e desejabilidade social. As crianças de 8 anos são mais sugestionáveis do que as crianças mais velhas. No grupo dos 8 anos, aquelas com melhores desempenhos ao nível da inteligência não verbal (medida pelas Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven – MPCR), e na evocação da história do BTSS são menos sugestionáveis comparativamente às crianças com piores desempenhos nestas provas. De modo análogo, as crianças com 9 anos são tanto mais sugestionáveis quanto piores os desempenhos nas MPCR, evocação da história do BTSS e subtestes informação, vocabulário e aritmética da WISC–III. As crianças deste grupo etário que apresentam desejabilidade social elevada (avaliada pela RCMAS) são também mais sugestionáveis. Estes resultados são discutidos considerando a sua relevância para o âmbito forense.To study the influence of the variables age, intelligence, memory, general anxiety and social desirability in suggestibility, 8 and 9-year-old children were assessed using the Bonn Test of Statement Suggestibility (BTSS). The effect of the variables memory and non-verbal intelligence was studied in 145 children while, in a subsample of 74 children, the variables verbal intelligence, general anxiety and social desirability were also taken into account besides the ones previously referred to. Eight-year-old children are more suggestible than older children. In the eightyear- old group, those with better performances in nonverbal intelligence (measured by Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices – RCPM), and in the BTSS story recall are less suggestible compared to the children with worse performances in these tests. Similarly, the worse the performance achieved by nine-year-old children in RCPM, in the BTSS story recall and in the subtests of information, vocabulary and arithmetic of WISC-III are, the more suggestible they are. The children belonging to this age group who show high social desirability (evaluated by RCMAS) are also more suggestible. These results are discussed according to its relevance in the scope of the forensic field.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sugestionabilidade interrogativa em crianças de 8 e 9 anos de idade

Para estudar a influência das variáveis idade, inteligência, memória, ansiedade geral e desejabilidade social na sugestionabilidade avaliaram-se crianças de 8 e 9 anos de idade com o Bonn Test of Statement Suggestibility (BTSS). Em 145 crianças averiguou-se o efeito das variáveis memória e inteligência não verbal e, numa subamostra de 74 crianças, para além das variáveis referidas, considerou-se também a inteligência verbal, ansiedade geral e desejabilidade social. As crianças de 8 anos são mais sugestionáveis do que as crianças mais velhas. No grupo dos 8 anos, aquelas com melhores desempenhos ao nível da inteligência não verbal (medida pelas Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven – MPCR), e na evocação da história do BTSS são menos vsugestionáveis comparativamente às crianças com piores desempenhos nestas provas. De modo análogo, as crianças com 9 anos são tanto mais sugestionáveis quanto piores os desempenhos nas MPCR, evocação da história do BTSS e subtestes informação, vocabulário e aritmética da WISC–III. As crianças deste grupo etário que apresentam desejabilidade social elevada (avaliada pela RCMAS) são também mais sugestionáveis. Estes resultados são discutidos considerando a sua relevância para o âmbito forense

Sugestionabilidade em pessoas idosas: Um estudo com a Escala de Sugestionabilidade de Gudjonsson (GSS 1)

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo compreender alguns fatores que influenciam a sugestionabilidade interrogativa em pessoas idosas. Neste âmbito, procurou-se analisar a existência de diferenças na sugestionabilidade interrogativa em função da idade, bem como averiguar a sua relação com variáveis cognitivas e de ansiedade. A amostra incluiu 52 adultos idosos (78-83 anos), e igual número de adultos mais novos entre 42 e 52 anos. Utilizaram-se os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação: Escala de Sugestionabilidade de Gudjonsson 1 (GSS 1), Mini Mental State Examination, teste de Fluência Verbal de Categorias, subtestes Vocabulário e Memória de Dígitos da Escala de Inteligência para Adultos de Wechsler-III, Inventário de Ansiedade Estado-Traço para Adultos e Matrizes de Raven. Entre os grupos verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos resultados Cedência 1 e Mudança da GSS 1, Fluência Verbal, Memória de Dígitos e Ansiedade. No que respeita a valores de correlação moderados entre sugestionabilidade interrogativa e medidas cognitivas e de ansiedade, estes somente foram registados entre Sugestionabilidade Total e tempo de realização nas Matrizes de Raven, em ambos os grupos etários. Observou-se ainda que o conhecimento prévio, por parte de vários participantes, da entrevistadora que administrou a GSS 1 pode influenciar os resultados obtidos nesta escala. Os vários resultados são discutidos considerando a sua relevância forense

Capturing expert knowledge for the personalization of cognitive rehabilitation: study combining computational modeling and a participatory design strategy

Background: Cognitive impairments after stroke are not always given sufficient attention despite the critical limitations they impose on activities of daily living (ADLs). Although there is substantial evidence on cognitive rehabilitation benefits, its implementation is limited because of time and human resource’s demands. Moreover, many cognitive rehabilitation interventions lack a robust theoretical framework in the selection of paper-and-pencil tasks by the clinicians. In this endeavor, it would be useful to have a tool that could generate standardized paper-and-pencil tasks, parameterized according to patients' needs. Objective: In this study, we aimed to present a framework for the creation of personalized cognitive rehabilitation tasks based on a participatory design strategy. Methods: We selected 11 paper-and-pencil tasks from standard clinical practice and parameterized them with multiple configurations. A total of 67 tasks were assessed according to their cognitive demands (attention, memory, language, and executive functions) and overall difficulty by 20 rehabilitation professionals. Results: After assessing the internal consistency of the data—that is, alpha values from .918 to .997—we identified the parameters that significantly affected cognitive functions and proposed specific models for each task. Through computational modeling, we operationalized the tasks into their intrinsic parameters and developed a Web tool that generates personalized paper-and-pencil tasks—the Task Generator (TG). Conclusions: Our framework proposes an objective and quantitative personalization strategy tailored to each patient in multiple cognitive domains (attention, memory, language, and executive functions) derived from expert knowledge and materialized in the TG app, a cognitive rehabilitation Web tool.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A comparison of two personalization and adaptive cognitive rehabilitation approaches: a randomized controlled trial with chronic stroke patients

Background: Paper-and-pencil tasks are still widely used for cognitive rehabilitation despite the proliferation of new computer-based methods, like VR-based simulations of ADL’s. Studies have established construct validity of VR assessment tools with their paper-and-pencil version by demonstrating significant associations with their traditional construct-driven measures. However, VR rehabilitation intervention tools are mostly developed to include mechanisms such as personalization and adaptation, elements that are disregarded in their paper-and-pencil counterparts, which is a strong limitation of comparison studies. Here we compare the clinical impact of a personalized and adapted paper-and-pencil training and a content equivalent and more ecologically valid VR-based ADL’s simulation. Methods: We have performed a trial with 36 stroke patients comparing Reh@City v2.0 (adaptive cognitive training through everyday tasks VR simulations) with Task Generator (TG: content equivalent and adaptive paper-and-pencil training). The intervention comprised 12 sessions, with a neuropsychological assessment pre, post-intervention and follow-up, having as primary outcomes: general cognitive functioning (assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment - MoCA), attention, memory, executive functions and language specific domains. Results: A within-group analysis revealed that the Reh@City v2.0 improved general cognitive functioning, attention, visuospatial ability and executive functions. These improvements generalized to verbal memory, processing speed and self-perceived cognitive deficits specific assessments. TG only improved in orientation domain on the MoCA, and specific processing speed and verbal memory outcomes. However, at follow-up, processing speed and verbal memory improvements were maintained, and a new one was revealed in language. A between-groups analysis revealed Reh@City v2.0 superiority in general cognitive functioning, visuospatial ability, and executive functions on the MoCA. Conclusions: The Reh@City v2.0 intervention with higher ecological validity revealed higher effectiveness with improvements in different cognitive domains and self-perceived cognitive deficits in everyday life, and the TG intervention retained fewer cognitive gains for longer.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Consistência das Memórias da Infância

Retrospective self-reports are a common procedure in psychology. The aim of the present study was to analyze, in a large sample of not institutionalized young adults, the consistency of their reports on several childhood experiences (victimization, fears, learning difficulties), by contrasting them with concurrent reports provided by their parents and/or teachers. Results showed a significant relationship between participants` retrospective self-reports and concurrent information provided by other sources, with the exception of childhood fears. The size of that relationship varied between poor and average. Accordingly, it is recommended that studies using retrospective self-reports provide a measure of the relationship betweenreports, as well as a size measure, so that the quality of inferences based on these reports could be more easily evaluated.A coleta de relatos retrospetivos constitui um procedimento frequente em psicologia. Neste estudo, analisou-se, em uma amostra de adultos jovens não institucionalizados, a consistência desses relatos sobre diversas experiências da infância (vitimação, medos, dificuldades de aprendizagem), confrontando-os com os relatos atuais dos seus pais e/ou professores. Os resultados mostraram uma relação significativa entre os relatos retrospetivos dos próprios participantes e as informações atuais fornecidas pelas outras fontes, exceto para os medos na infância. A magnitude dessa relação variou entre pequena e média. Com base nesses resultados, sugere-se que, nos estudos que recorram a relatos retrospetivos e atuais,indiquem-se medidas de relação entre relatos, bem como a sua magnitude, de modo a melhor se avaliar a qualidade das inferências baseadas nesses relatos. Palavras-chave: memórias da infância, memória autobiográfica, consistência de recordações, auto-relat

Substance abuse and susceptibility to false memory formation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Funding The open-access publication fee will be covered by the Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), namely by the Neuropsychological Assessment and Aging Processes (NAAP) group.Background: Substance abuse has an impact on various cognitive domains, including memory. Even though this impact has been extensively examined across different subdomains, false memory has been sparsely studied. This systematic review and meta-analysis seek to synthesize the current scientific data concerning false memory formation in individuals with a history of substance abuse. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched to identify all experimental and observational studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Studies were then examined by four independent reviewers and, if they met the inclusion criteria, assessed for their quality. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists for quasi-experimental and analytic cross-sectional studies were used to assess the risk of bias. Results: From the 443 screened studies, 27 (and two more from other sources) were considered eligible for full-text review. A final 18 studies were included in the present review. Of these, 10 were conducted with alcoholics or heavy drinkers, four focused on ecstasy/polydrug users, three were done with cannabis users and one focused on methadone maintenance patients with current cocaine dependence. Regarding false memory type, 15 studies focused on false recognition/recall, and three on provoked confabulation. Conclusions: None but one of the studies considering false recognition/recall of critical lures found any significant differences between individuals with a history of substance abuse and healthy controls. However, most of the studies taking into account false recognition/recall of related and unrelated events found that individuals with a history of substance abuse showed significantly higher rates of false memories than controls. Future research should continue to consider different types of false memories as well as their potential association with relevant clinical variables. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=266503, identifier: CRD42021266503. Copyright © 2023 Caetano, Pinho, Ramadas, Lopes, Areosa, Ferreira and Dixe.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Influência da familiaridade com procedimentos judiciais de interrogatório na sugestionabilidade interrogativa de reclusos reincidentes

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar se o contacto com procedimentos de inquirição usados pelo sistema de justiça criminal afeta a sugestionabilidade interrogativa, avaliada pela Escala de Sugestionabilidade de Gudjonsson 1 (GSS 1). Foi também analisada a relação entre a sugestionabilidade interrogativa e outras variáveis psicológicas, designadamente a inteligência não-verbal, neuroticismo, desejabilidade social e simulação ou esforço insuficiente. Recrutaram-se dois grupos de indivíduos adultos, sendo um deles constituído por 42 reclusos com várias condenações e o outro por 42 sujeitos que nunca foram submetidos a inquirições judiciais. A ambos os grupos foram administrados, individualmente, além da GSS 1, os seguintes instrumentos: Matrizes Progressivas Estandardizadas de Raven, Inventário dos Cinco Fatores NEO, Escala de Desejabilidade Social de Marlowe-Crowne e Test of Memory Malingering. Os reclusos reincidentes revelaram menor sugestionabilidade interrogativa comparativamente aos sujeitos sem contacto com inquirições judiciais. Foram apenas observadas correlações significativas entre sugestionabilidade interrogativa e inteligência não-verbal e desejabilidade social, apresentando características diferenciadas em ambos os grupos. Estes resultados sugerem que tais variáveis devem ser tidas em consideração no momento da avaliação da credibilidade de depoimentos e confissões

Do papel-e-lápis à realidade virtual: uma nova abordagem para reabilitação cognitiva personalizada

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio