Avaliação nutricional e do perfil lipídico em crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência

INTRODUCTION: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that include a protease inhibitor (PI) can show significant improvements in clinical outcomes, nutritional status and quality of life. The study aimed to report nutritional and metabolic alterations for pediatric patients continuously exposed to HAART and for healthy controls for up to 1 year. METHODS: Clinical, anthropometric, lipid profile and food intake data were collected prospectively over approximately 12-months for each patient. RESULTS: Fifty-one individuals were studied, of these, 16 were healthy. After 12 months follow-up, HIV-positive individuals remained below the healthy control group parameters. No change was observed concerning food intake. Triglyceride serum levels were higher in patients using protease inhibitor at the onset of the study [PI groups: 114 (43 - 336), and 136 (63 - 271) versus control group: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], but after twelve months follow-up, only the group using protease inhibitor for up to two months presented higher values [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-cholesterol was lower in HIV-positive individuals [HIV-positive groups: 36 (27 - 58) and 36 (23 - 43); control 49.5 (34 - 69); p = 0.004]. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy showed compromised nutritional parameters compared to a paired healthy control group. Individuals using protease inhibitor presented worse triglyceride serum levels compared to their healthy counterparts.INTRODUÇÃO: Crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV e tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência (TAAP), que inclui inibidor de protease (IP) podem apresentar significante melhora clínica no estado nutricional e na qualidade de vida. O objetivo é relatar as alterações nutricionais e metabólicas em pacientes pediátricos expostos a TAAP e controles saudáveis durante 1 ano. MÉTODOS: O perfil clínico, antropométrico e lipídico, bem como dados da ingestão alimentar foram coletados prospectivamente durante aproximadamente 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e um indivíduos foram estudados. Dezesseis eram saudáveis. Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, indivíduos HIV-positivo permaneceram abaixo dos parâmetros do grupo controle saudável. Nenhuma mudança foi observada em relação à ingestão alimentar. Níveis séricos de triglicerídeos foram maiores em pacientes usando inibidor de protease no começo do estudo [IP grupo: 114 (43 - 336), e 136 (63 - 271) versus grupo controle: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], porém após doze meses de acompanhamento, apenas o grupo que recebeu inibidor de protease por não mais do que dois meses apresentou maiores valores [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-colesterol foi menor nos indivíduos HIV-positivos [grupo HIV-positivo: 36 (27 - 58) e 36 (23 - 43); controle 49.5 (34 - 69); p=0.004]. CONCLUSÕES: Crianças e adolescentes infectadas pelo HIV e tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta potência tiveram seus parâmetros nutricionais comprometidos quando comparados com o pareado grupo controle. Indivíduos usando inibidor de protease apresentaram piores níveis séricos de triglicerídeos quando comparados com os saudáveis.UNESCOMinistério da Saúde - Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde - Departamento de DST/AIDS e Hepatites ViraisUnidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológic

Nutritional status and lipid profile of HIV-positive children and adolescents using antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVE: To describe nutritional status, body composition and lipid profile in children and adolescents receiving protease inhibitors. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients, 23 treated with protease inhibitors (group 1) and 36 not using protease inhibitors (group 2). Their dietary intake, anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis and lipid profile variables were measured. RESULTS: There was no difference in nutritional status or body composition between groups at the beginning of the study. After 6 months of follow-up, there was an increase in weight and height in both groups, as well as in waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. In group 2, body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness adequacy were significantly higher after 6 months of follow-up. The groups had similar energy and macronutrient intake at any time point. After 6 months, group 1 had a higher cholesterol intake and group 2 had a higher fiber intake. Triglyceride serum levels were significantly different between the groups, with higher values in G1, at any time point [G1: 153 mg/dl (30-344); 138 (58-378) versus G2: 76 mg/dl (29-378); 76 (29-378)]. After 6 months of follow-up, G1 had higher LDL-cholesterol than G2 [104 mg/dl (40-142) versus 82 (42-145)]. CONCLUSION: The use of protease inhibitors, per se, does not seem to significantly interfere with anthropometric measures, body composition and food intake of HIV-infected children and adolescents. However, this antiretroviral therapy was associated with a significant increase in triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol in our subjects

Nutritional and metabolic status of HIV-positive patients with lipodystrophy during one year of follow-up

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective study was to compare changes in lipid metabolism and nutritional status after either 6 and 12 months of follow-up in subjects with lipodystrophy syndrome after traditional lifestyle therapy with or without fibric acid analogue intervention (bezafibrate and clofibrate). METHODS: Food intake, alterations in body composition and metabolic abnormalities were assessed in subjects with lipodystrophy syndrome at the beginning of the study. The nutritional status and metabolic alterations of the subjects were monitored, and the subjects received nutritional counseling each time they were seen. The subjects were monitored either two times over a period no longer than six months (Group A; n = 18) or three times over a period of at least 12 months (Group B; n = 35). All of the subjects underwent nutrition counseling that was based on behavior modification. The fibric acid analogue was only given to patients with serum triglyceride levels above 400 mg/dL. RESULTS: After six months of follow-up, Group A showed no alterations in the experimental parameters. After twelve months, there was a decrease in serum triglyceride levels (410.4 ± 235.5 vs. 307.7 ± 150.5 mg/dL, p< 0.05) and an increase in both HDLc levels (37.9±36.6 vs. 44.9 ±27.9 mg/dL, p,0.05) and lean mass (79.9 ± 7.8 vs. 80.3 ± 9.9 %, p< 0.05) in Group B. CONCLUSION: After one year of follow-up (three sessions of nutritional and medical counseling), the metabolic parameters of the subjects with lipodystrophy improved after traditional lifestyle therapy with or without fibric acid analogue intervention

Cross-Sectional Study of Leptospira spp. and Brucela abortus in Goat Herds from Paraná State, Brazil

Background: Leptospirosis and brucellosis are zoonosis worldwide distributed that have great economic importance, especially in goats. This study aimed to carry out a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. and anti-Brucella abortus antibodies and to determine epidemiological variables associated to infection by these ethiological agents in goats.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Serum samples were collected from 1055 goats of 95 properties distributed in 18 regional centers of Paraná State from April to August of 2010. Collected samples were submitted to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the detection of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies with 22 reference serovars: Australis, Bratislava, Autumnalis, Butembo, Castellonis, Bataviae, Canicola, Fortbragg, Whitcombi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Panama, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Wolffi, Shermani, Tarassovi and Londrina 1 (L1). The samples were also submitted to buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPA) and 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME) to detect anti-Brucella abortus antibodies. The results obtained from epidemiological and serological study were analysed by Epi Info 3.5.3. We observed 9.9% (104/1055) of goats reagents in at least one serovar of Leptospira spp. and no reagent animal to Brucella abortus. The variables that were statistically significant with leptospirosis were: production type meat, sewer destination in dry sump, frequent abortion, shared use of pastures, slaughter of animals on the property, the presence of pigs and wild animals such as deer and capybaras on the property.Discussion: This was the first study about antibodies prevalence against Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus in goat herds from Paraná State. The presence of both animal species were statiscally associated to risk of leptospirosis. It is necessary avoid the acess of these animals in herds, decreasing the dissemination of the agent. The production type meat is a form of creation in which the animals have no care of zookeepers and continuous veterinary care. The final destination of sewage was statistically associated to risk of leptospirosis in goats and this is a big problem in rural properties, requiring greater attention of authorities for proper disposal of this wastewater, reducing water and food contamination. Among the variables related to management, the herds that used rented pasture or shared pastures also were statistically associated to risk of leptospirosis in goats; with the sharing of pastures a greater flow of animals transiting in the pickets occurs, allowing not only flocks of goats, but other species also, to use the same pastures and become more exposed to certain diseases. The slaughter of pigs, sheep, cattle and goats on the property is a problem for animal and human health due to lack of sanitary inspection. Abortion is one of the main clinical signs of leptospirosis in farm animals, particularly goats. The knowledge of these results will be useful to develop control programs for the disease in Paraná State herds.  The absence of circulating anti-Brucella abortus antibodies in goat herds has also been reported in other Brazilian States

Vitamin A, vitamin E, iron and zinc status in a cohort of HIV-infected mothers and their uninfected infants

Introduction We hypothesized that nutritional deficiency would be common in a cohort of postpartum, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and their infants. Methods Weight and height, as well as blood concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, ferritin, hemoglobin, and zinc, were measured in mothers after delivery and in their infants at birth and at 6-12 weeks and six months of age. Retinol and α-tocopherol levels were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, and zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The maternal body mass index during pregnancy was adjusted for gestational age (adjBMI). Results Among the 97 women 19.6% were underweight. Laboratory abnormalities were most frequently observed for the hemoglobin (46.4%), zinc (41.1%), retinol (12.5%) and ferritin (6.5%) levels. Five percent of the women had mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations \u3c 31g/dL. The most common deficiency in the infants was α-tocopherol (81%) at birth; however, only 18.5% of infants had deficient levels at six months of age. Large percentages of infants had zinc (36.8%) and retinol (29.5%) deficiencies at birth; however, these percentages decreased to 17.5% and 18.5%, respectively, by six months of age. No associations between infant micronutrient deficiencies and either the maternal adjBMI category or maternal micronutrient deficiencies were found. Conclusions Micronutrient deficiencies were common in HIV-infected women and their infants. Micronutrient deficiencies were less prevalent in the infants at six months of age. Neither underweight women nor their infants at birth were at increased risk for micronutrient deficiencies

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

Food intake, homocysteine and plasma proteomic in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença multisistêmica crônica e autoimune de etiologia desconhecida. O LES é considerado um fator de risco independente para eventos cardiovasculares em qualquer faixa etária. A coexistência de fatores de risco tradicionais e não tradicionais (alto nível plasmático de homocisteína) são as causas para o risco do desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) em portadores de LES. A hiperhomocisteinemia é considerada um fator de risco independente para DCV e cerebrovasculares e tem como causas fatores nutricionais, genéticos e fisiológicos. Proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade (hs-PCR), fator de necrose tumoral-? (TNF- ?), interferon ?, MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein- 1) e leptina tem sido descritos como importantes biomarcadores para DCV. Por outro lado, adiponectina e grelina tem sido retratadas como potentes protetores contra o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Parâmetros antropométricos aumentados também podem estar associados ao risco de DCV como aumento da espessura da camada íntima da carótida. O processo de inflamação crônica existente no LES está diretamente associado a alterações no perfil lipídico e no metabolismo de lipoproteínas. Análises em larga escala dos perfis de expressão de proteínas estão se tornando uma importante ferramenta na investigação de várias patologias associadas a resposta autoimune. Objetivos: Descrever e comparar medidas antropométricas, ingestão alimentar e proteoma plasmático em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil (LESJ) e controles saudáveis. Comparar metabólitos e antropometria entre dois clusters metabólicos de pacientes com LESJ (Lúpus Melhor Perfil Metabólico - LMPM e Lúpus Pior Perfil Metabólico - LPPM) e um cluster com controles saudáveis (Controle Melhor Perfil Metabólico) e, também, em dois clusters de pacientes com LESJ definidos pela dose diária de corticoide administrada. Métodos: Foram recrutadas 19 adolescentes portadoras de LESJ e 39 controles saudáveis. Foram mensurados índice de massa corporal (IMC), peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC), ingestão alimentar (Recordatório de 24 horas), SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index), SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index), níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína, vitamina B12, 6 folato, TNF-?, hs-PCR, MCP-1, adiponectina, leptina, grelina, perfil lipídico e proteoma plasmático pela técnica Shotgun proteomics com Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation. Os grupos foram comparados por ANCOVA. k-cluster foi usado para separar LESJ e controles em dois clusters extremos de melhor e pior perfil metabólico de acordo com os níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína, TNF-?, hsPCR e folato para a análise da proteômica. Resultados: Pacientes com LESJ apresentaram maior IMC, CC, homocisteína, triglicérides, TNF-?, hsPCR e menor folato plasmático quando comparados ao grupo controle. Foram encontradas 10 proteínas com expressão significativamente diferente entre os clusters: Cluster Lúpus Melhor Perfil Metabólico (LMPM), Cluster Lúpus Pior Perfil Metabólico (LPPM) e Cluster Controle Melhor Perfil Metabólico (CMPM) (? -2-macroglobulina, ? -1-antitripsina, apoliproteína AI, apoliproteína E, ceruloplasmina, complemento C3, fibrinogênio de cadeia ?, haptoglobina, hemopexina e sorotransferrina). Oito proteínas foram mais expressas no LMPM e menos expressas no LPPM comparados com CMPM. As proteínas menos expressas no LPPM foram negativamente correlacionadas com maior risco para DCV. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que as adolescentes com LESJ apresentaram maior IMC, circunferência da cintura, concentrações séricas de homocisteína, triglicérides, TNF-?, hs-PCR e, menor estatura e concentração de folato sérico quando comparadas com adolescentes saudáveis. Além disso, o cluster LPPM apresentou uma expressão diminuída das proteínas apolipoproteína AI, apolipoproteína E, alfa-2- macroglobulina, alfa-1-antitripsina, ceruloplasmina, complemento C3, hemopexina e sorotransferrina quando comparado aos clusters CMPM e LMPM. Sendo assim, é possível concluir que o presente estudo sinaliza possíveis complicações cardiovasculares futuras em pacientes com LESJ e, sugerem a necessidade de novos estudos, a fim de elucidar a interação do estado nutricional e das proteínas encontradas pela proteômica no contexto de sistemas biológicos em pacientes com LESJ.Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a, autoimmune, chronic and inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. SLE is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases at any age. Reasons for the increased risk of CVD in SLE include the co-existence of traditional cardiac risk factors and nontraditional risk factors such as high concentrations of homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels is considered an independent risk factor for CVD. Hiperhomocysteine can indicate undernourishment due to a lack of vitamins or genetic alterations. Inflammatory biomarkers have been consistently associated with the presence of CVD in multiple studies from different populations, including SLE, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor - ? (TNF - ?), type I interferon (IFN), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and leptin. On the other hand, some cytokines and hormones are related to atherosclerosis prevention, such as adiponectin and ghrelin. The existing chronic inflammation process in SLE is directly associated with changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Some comprehensive studies have been conducted at multiple biological levels including DNA (or genomics), mRNA (or transcriptomics), protein (or proteomics) and metabolites (or metabolomics). The \'omics\' platforms allow us to re-examine SLE at a greater degree of molecular resolution. Objectives: To describe and compare anthropometric measurements, food intake, metabolites and plasma proteomic analysis in child-hood onset systemic lupus erythematosus (c-SLE) and healthy controls. To compare metabolites and anthropometric parameters between two clusters with c-SLE (lupus cluster with the best - LCBMP and the worst metabolic profile - LCWMP) and one cluster with controls (healthy cluster with the best metabolic profile - HCBMP) and to compare metabolites and anthropometric parameters between two clusters of c-SLE patients defined by daily corticosteroid doses intake. Methods: 19 c-SLE and 39 healthy volunteers were recruited. We evaluated BMI, weight, height, waist circumference, food intake through a 24-hours recalls, SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index), SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index), SLICC, serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, 8 folate, TNF-?, hs-C reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, lipid profile and plasma proteomic by Shotgun proteomics with Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation. The groups were compared by ANCOVA. k-cluster were used to separate SLE and control groups into two different clusters with the best and the worst metabolic profile according to homocysteine, TNF-?, hsCRP and folate plasma levels for proteomic assessment. Results: SLE patients presented higher BMI, WC, homocysteine, triglycerides, TNF-?, hsCRP levels and lower plasma folate when compared to controls. We found 10 proteins with significantly different expression between healthy cluster with the best metabolic profile (HCBMP) and lupus cluster with the best (LCBMP) and the worst metabolic profile (LCWMP) (alpha-2- macroglobulin; alpha-1-antitripsin, apoliprotein AI, apoliprotein E, ceruloplasmin, complement C3, fibrinogen ? chain, haptoglobin, hemopexin and serum transferrin). Eight proteins were higher expressed in LCBMP and lower expressed in LCWMP compared with HCBMP. Proteins less expressed in LCWMP were negatively correlated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Our results described some previously cardiovascular risk factors in c-SLE patients and possible associations between nutritional status and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Proteomic results showed acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory proteins more expressed in c-SLE patients compared to controls. These results might allow us to treat c-SLE with personalized diets to avoid cardiovascular complications in future. The small sample size and the cross-sectional design were the limitations of the study, but it is a rare disease in the pediatric field and, despite this fact, the present study was able to characterize two distinct nutritional and metabolic groups with uncommon proteins expressed. These results deserve further investigations to better elucidate the whole of these proteins in the context of systems biology interactions in SLE pediatric patients

Food intake, homocysteine and plasma proteomic in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença multisistêmica crônica e autoimune de etiologia desconhecida. O LES é considerado um fator de risco independente para eventos cardiovasculares em qualquer faixa etária. A coexistência de fatores de risco tradicionais e não tradicionais (alto nível plasmático de homocisteína) são as causas para o risco do desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) em portadores de LES. A hiperhomocisteinemia é considerada um fator de risco independente para DCV e cerebrovasculares e tem como causas fatores nutricionais, genéticos e fisiológicos. Proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade (hs-PCR), fator de necrose tumoral-? (TNF- ?), interferon ?, MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein- 1) e leptina tem sido descritos como importantes biomarcadores para DCV. Por outro lado, adiponectina e grelina tem sido retratadas como potentes protetores contra o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Parâmetros antropométricos aumentados também podem estar associados ao risco de DCV como aumento da espessura da camada íntima da carótida. O processo de inflamação crônica existente no LES está diretamente associado a alterações no perfil lipídico e no metabolismo de lipoproteínas. Análises em larga escala dos perfis de expressão de proteínas estão se tornando uma importante ferramenta na investigação de várias patologias associadas a resposta autoimune. Objetivos: Descrever e comparar medidas antropométricas, ingestão alimentar e proteoma plasmático em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil (LESJ) e controles saudáveis. Comparar metabólitos e antropometria entre dois clusters metabólicos de pacientes com LESJ (Lúpus Melhor Perfil Metabólico - LMPM e Lúpus Pior Perfil Metabólico - LPPM) e um cluster com controles saudáveis (Controle Melhor Perfil Metabólico) e, também, em dois clusters de pacientes com LESJ definidos pela dose diária de corticoide administrada. Métodos: Foram recrutadas 19 adolescentes portadoras de LESJ e 39 controles saudáveis. Foram mensurados índice de massa corporal (IMC), peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC), ingestão alimentar (Recordatório de 24 horas), SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index), SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index), níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína, vitamina B12, 6 folato, TNF-?, hs-PCR, MCP-1, adiponectina, leptina, grelina, perfil lipídico e proteoma plasmático pela técnica Shotgun proteomics com Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation. Os grupos foram comparados por ANCOVA. k-cluster foi usado para separar LESJ e controles em dois clusters extremos de melhor e pior perfil metabólico de acordo com os níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína, TNF-?, hsPCR e folato para a análise da proteômica. Resultados: Pacientes com LESJ apresentaram maior IMC, CC, homocisteína, triglicérides, TNF-?, hsPCR e menor folato plasmático quando comparados ao grupo controle. Foram encontradas 10 proteínas com expressão significativamente diferente entre os clusters: Cluster Lúpus Melhor Perfil Metabólico (LMPM), Cluster Lúpus Pior Perfil Metabólico (LPPM) e Cluster Controle Melhor Perfil Metabólico (CMPM) (? -2-macroglobulina, ? -1-antitripsina, apoliproteína AI, apoliproteína E, ceruloplasmina, complemento C3, fibrinogênio de cadeia ?, haptoglobina, hemopexina e sorotransferrina). Oito proteínas foram mais expressas no LMPM e menos expressas no LPPM comparados com CMPM. As proteínas menos expressas no LPPM foram negativamente correlacionadas com maior risco para DCV. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que as adolescentes com LESJ apresentaram maior IMC, circunferência da cintura, concentrações séricas de homocisteína, triglicérides, TNF-?, hs-PCR e, menor estatura e concentração de folato sérico quando comparadas com adolescentes saudáveis. Além disso, o cluster LPPM apresentou uma expressão diminuída das proteínas apolipoproteína AI, apolipoproteína E, alfa-2- macroglobulina, alfa-1-antitripsina, ceruloplasmina, complemento C3, hemopexina e sorotransferrina quando comparado aos clusters CMPM e LMPM. Sendo assim, é possível concluir que o presente estudo sinaliza possíveis complicações cardiovasculares futuras em pacientes com LESJ e, sugerem a necessidade de novos estudos, a fim de elucidar a interação do estado nutricional e das proteínas encontradas pela proteômica no contexto de sistemas biológicos em pacientes com LESJ.Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a, autoimmune, chronic and inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. SLE is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases at any age. Reasons for the increased risk of CVD in SLE include the co-existence of traditional cardiac risk factors and nontraditional risk factors such as high concentrations of homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels is considered an independent risk factor for CVD. Hiperhomocysteine can indicate undernourishment due to a lack of vitamins or genetic alterations. Inflammatory biomarkers have been consistently associated with the presence of CVD in multiple studies from different populations, including SLE, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor - ? (TNF - ?), type I interferon (IFN), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and leptin. On the other hand, some cytokines and hormones are related to atherosclerosis prevention, such as adiponectin and ghrelin. The existing chronic inflammation process in SLE is directly associated with changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Some comprehensive studies have been conducted at multiple biological levels including DNA (or genomics), mRNA (or transcriptomics), protein (or proteomics) and metabolites (or metabolomics). The \'omics\' platforms allow us to re-examine SLE at a greater degree of molecular resolution. Objectives: To describe and compare anthropometric measurements, food intake, metabolites and plasma proteomic analysis in child-hood onset systemic lupus erythematosus (c-SLE) and healthy controls. To compare metabolites and anthropometric parameters between two clusters with c-SLE (lupus cluster with the best - LCBMP and the worst metabolic profile - LCWMP) and one cluster with controls (healthy cluster with the best metabolic profile - HCBMP) and to compare metabolites and anthropometric parameters between two clusters of c-SLE patients defined by daily corticosteroid doses intake. Methods: 19 c-SLE and 39 healthy volunteers were recruited. We evaluated BMI, weight, height, waist circumference, food intake through a 24-hours recalls, SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index), SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index), SLICC, serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, 8 folate, TNF-?, hs-C reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, lipid profile and plasma proteomic by Shotgun proteomics with Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation. The groups were compared by ANCOVA. k-cluster were used to separate SLE and control groups into two different clusters with the best and the worst metabolic profile according to homocysteine, TNF-?, hsCRP and folate plasma levels for proteomic assessment. Results: SLE patients presented higher BMI, WC, homocysteine, triglycerides, TNF-?, hsCRP levels and lower plasma folate when compared to controls. We found 10 proteins with significantly different expression between healthy cluster with the best metabolic profile (HCBMP) and lupus cluster with the best (LCBMP) and the worst metabolic profile (LCWMP) (alpha-2- macroglobulin; alpha-1-antitripsin, apoliprotein AI, apoliprotein E, ceruloplasmin, complement C3, fibrinogen ? chain, haptoglobin, hemopexin and serum transferrin). Eight proteins were higher expressed in LCBMP and lower expressed in LCWMP compared with HCBMP. Proteins less expressed in LCWMP were negatively correlated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Our results described some previously cardiovascular risk factors in c-SLE patients and possible associations between nutritional status and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Proteomic results showed acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory proteins more expressed in c-SLE patients compared to controls. These results might allow us to treat c-SLE with personalized diets to avoid cardiovascular complications in future. The small sample size and the cross-sectional design were the limitations of the study, but it is a rare disease in the pediatric field and, despite this fact, the present study was able to characterize two distinct nutritional and metabolic groups with uncommon proteins expressed. These results deserve further investigations to better elucidate the whole of these proteins in the context of systems biology interactions in SLE pediatric patients