Angular momentum transport in protostellar discs

Angular momentum transport in protostellar discs can take place either radially, through turbulence induced by the magnetorotational instability (MRI), or vertically, through the torque exerted by a large-scale magnetic field that threads the disc. Using semi-analytic and numerical results, we construct a model of steady-state discs that includes vertical transport by a centrifugally driven wind as well as MRI-induced turbulence. We present approximate criteria for the occurrence of either one of these mechanisms in an ambipolar diffusion-dominated disc. We derive ``strong field'' solutions in which the angular momentum transport is purely vertical and ``weak field'' solutions that are the stratified-disc analogues of the previously studied MRI channel modes; the latter are transformed into accretion solutions with predominantly radial angular-momentum transport when we implement a turbulent-stress prescription based on published results of numerical simulations. We also analyze ``intermediate field strength'' solutions in which both modes of transport operate at the same radial location; we conclude, however, that significant spatial overlap of these two mechanisms is unlikely to occur in practice. To further advance this study, we have developed a general scheme that incorporates also the Hall and Ohm conductivity regimes in discs with a realistic ionization structure.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; accepted for publication in MNRA

Complexity in forecasting and predictive models

Te challenge of this special issue has been to know the state of the problem related to forecasting modeling and the creation of a model to forecast the future behavior that supports decision making by supporting real-world applications. Tis issue has been highlighted by the quality of its research work on the critical importance of advanced analytical methods, such as neural networks, sof computing, evolutionary algorithms, chaotic models, cellular automata, agent-based models, and fnite mixture minimum squares (FIMIX-PLS).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Radial and vertical angular momentum transport in protostellar discs

Angular momentum in protostellar discs can be transported either radially, through turbulence induced by the magnetorotational instability (MRI), or vertically, through the torque exerted by a large-scale magnetic field. We present a model of steady-state discs where these two mechanisms operate at the same radius and derive approximate criteria for their occurrence in an ambipolar diffusion dominated disc. We obtain "weak field'' solutions - which we associate with the MRI channel modes in a stratified disc - and transform them into accretion solutions with predominantly radial angular-momentum transport by implementing a turbulent-stress prescription based on published results of numerical simulations. We also analyze "intermediate field strength'' solutions in which both radial and vertical transport operate at the same radial location. Our results suggest, however, that this overlap is unlikely to occur in real discs.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, aastex.cls. Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

Climatic applicability of downdraught evaporative cooling in the United States of America

The potential for application of downdraught cooling in the United States of America (U.S.) depends on its climatic characteristics. However, due to the large geographic span of the country, it varies due to differences in latitude, and a range of geographic features influencing climate, including altitude, topography and terrain. This study describes the development of climatic applicability maps of downdraught cooling in the U.S., which can aid designers in the initial identification of the correct cooling strategy for the geographic area of interest. The proposed approach is based on a set of maps, which are derived from two related climatic indexes: dry bulb temperature to wet bulb temperature depression (DBT−WBT), representing the climatic opportunity, and 26ºC minus wet bulb temperature (26ºC−WBT), representing the climatic opportunity against the theoretical cooling requirement for each location. The downdraught cooling strategy and degree of applicability is classified in the map, based on the aforementioned climatic and cooling parameters. Finally, four representative buildings in four different regions with different climatic conditions were selected for climatic analysis. This resulted in the identification of some climate zones for downdraught cooling application in the U.S. and the suggestion of appropriate design strategies for each of them

Interpretations of J/ψJ/\psi suppression

We review the two main interpretations of $J/\psi$ suppression proposed in the literature. The phase transition (or deconfining) scenario assumes that below some critical value of the local energy density (or of some other geometrical quantity which depends both on the colliding systems and on the centrality of the collision), there is only nuclear absorption. Above this critical value the absorptive cross-section is taken to be infinite, i.e. no $J/\psi$ can survive in this hot region. In the hadronic scenario the $J/\psi$ dissociates due both to nuclear absorption and to its interactions with co-moving hadrons produced in the collision. No discontinuity exists in physical observables. We show that an equally good description of the present data is possible in either scenario.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX, uses epsfig and ioplppt; review talk given by A. Capella at the International Symposium on Strangness in Quark Matter, Santorini (Greece), April 1997; Figs. 1 and 2 not available but can be found in Refs. 13 and 6 respectivel

Hydrogen migration at restructuring palladium-silver oxide boundaries dramatically enhances reduction rate of silver oxide.

Heterogeneous catalysts are complex materials with multiple interfaces. A critical proposition in exploiting bifunctionality in alloy catalysts is to achieve surface migration across interfaces separating functionally dissimilar regions. Herein, we demonstrate the enhancement of more than 104 in the rate of molecular hydrogen reduction of a silver surface oxide in the presence of palladium oxide compared to pure silver oxide resulting from the transfer of atomic hydrogen from palladium oxide islands onto the surrounding surface formed from oxidation of a palladium-silver alloy. The palladium-silver interface also dynamically restructures during reduction, resulting in silver-palladium intermixing. This study clearly demonstrates the migration of reaction intermediates and catalyst material across surface interfacial boundaries in alloys with a significant effect on surface reactivity, having broad implications for the catalytic function of bimetallic materials

A variable temperature ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope

A new atomic force microscope (AFM) that operates in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) is described. The sample is held fixed with spring clamps while the AMF cantilever and deflection sensor are scanned above it. Thus, the sample is easily coupled to a liquid nitrogen cooled thermal reservoir which allows AFM operation from ≈ 100 K to room temperature. AFM operation above room temperature is also possible. The microscope head is capable of coarse x-y positioning over millimeter distances so that AFM images can be taken virtually anywhere upon a macroscopic sample. The optical beam deflection scheme is used for detection, allowing simultaneous normal and lateral force measurements. The sample can be transferred from the AFM stage to a low energy electron diffraction/Auger electron spectrometer stage for surface analysis. Atomic lattice resolution AFM images taken in UHV are presented at 110, 296, and 430 K

Atomic scale coexistence of periodic and quasiperiodic order in a 2-fold Al-Ni-Co decagonal quasicrystal surface

Decagonal quasicrystals are made of pairs of atomic planes with pentagonal symmetry periodically stacked along a 10-fold axis. We have investigated the atomic structure of the 2-fold surface of a decagonal Al-Ni-Co quasicrystal using scanning tunneling microscopy. The surface consists of terraces separated by steps of heights 1.9, 4.7, 7.8, and 12.6 Å containing rows of atoms parallel to the 10-fold direction with an internal periodicity of 4 Å. The rows are arranged aperiodically, with separations that follow a Fibonacci sequence and inflation symmetry. The results indicate that the surfaces are preferentially Al-terminated and in general agreement with bulk models

Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration

Low seed and meal protein concentration in modern high-yielding soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] cultivars is a major concern but there is limited information on effective cultural practices to address this issue. In the objective of dealing with this problem, this study conducted field experiments in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the response of seed and meal protein concentrations to the interactive effects of late-season inputs [control, a liquid Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation at R3, and 202 kg ha−1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5], previous cover crop (fallow or cereal cover crop with residue removed), and short- and full-season maturity group cultivars at three U.S. locations (Fayetteville, Arkansas; Lexington, Kentucky; and St. Paul, Minnesota). The results showed that cover crops had a negative effect on yield in two out of six site-years and decreased seed protein concentration by 8.2 mg g−1 on average in Minnesota. Inoculant applications at R3 did not affect seed protein concentration or yield. The applications of N fertilizer after R5 increased seed protein concentration by 6 to 15 mg g−1, and increased yield in Arkansas by 13% and in Minnesota by 11% relative to the unfertilized control. This study showed that late-season N applications can be an effective cultural practice to increase soybean meal protein concentration in modern high-yielding cultivars above the minimum threshold required by the industry. New research is necessary to investigate sustainable management practices that increase N availability to soybeans late in the season