Technological and Productive Density in Sectoral Innovation Systems: The Case of the Brazilian Aeronautics Industry

This article discusses whether a globally competitive high-tech firm is sustainable without being associated with a sufficiently dense sectoral innovation system. It focuses on Embraer and hence on the Brazilian aeronautics industry. Despite not benefiting from a highly subsidized process for technological and financial modernization, Embraer has become the world’s third-ranking producer of commercial jets thanks to institutional innovations, especially in producing and managing contracts with suppliers and risk-sharing partners. The conclusion drawn is that the competitiveness of the Brazilian aircraft industry depends on the continuing supply of technology in international markets. Technological restrictions imposed for geopolitical reasons, or even for market constraints, could fatally undermine the strategy adopted by the company

R&D and Innovation Management in the Brazilian Electricity Sector: the Regulatory Constraint

In 2000 it became mandatory to the Brazilian electricity companies to invest in research, development and innovation (RDI). These investments are performed by firms and regulated by the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL). Since then companies have sought ways to cope with this obligation creating internal structures and managerial processes. This article presents the evolution of RDI management routines and organizational models based on a multiple-case study conducted between 2011 and 2012 with seven companies that represent about 27% of the total RDI investment performed in the period of 2008 to 2013. The research showed that firms created minimalist management and organizational structures to handle with the RDI enforcement. Companies have been much more concerned with the regulatory risk (the risk of non-accomplishment with the obligations) than to any strategic use of RDI effort since the legal framework is based on punishment rather than in stimulus

Institutional trajectory of a public research institute: the case of Ital after 1995

This article analyzes the organizational development of a public research institute, the Food Technology Institute (Ital), during a period of 10 years. It applies the case study methodology and, for the first time, the concepts of institutional and managerial models. The first concept emphasizes the evolution of the formal characteristics which allow any institution to carry out its social functions. On the other hand, the managerial model consists of two components, the mandatory one, which results from the institutional model, and the strategic one, which results from the methods developed to organize and to conduct the institutuion's strategic decisions. The conclusion is that Ital's main characteristic is to be a hybrid institution, because, although being a legal public institute of research, it has been managed as a highly innovative private enterprise in many aspects. In its institutional trajectory Ital has adopted a decentralized organization which has allowed it to deepen relations with the private sector and to increase the participation of non-government resources in its budget. The strategic component of its managerial model has greatly influenced Ital's organizational development. However, its organizational model is beginning to show signs of fatigue, challengingr its continuity as a reference institution.Este artigo analisa a evolução organizacional de um instituto público de pesquisa tecnológica, o Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (Ital) por meio de um estudo de caso, num período de 10 anos. Aplica pela primeira vez os conceitos de modelos institucional e gerencial. Por modelo institucional entende-se a evolução das características jurídicas que permitem a uma instituição o cumprimento de suas funções sociais. O modelo gerencial compreende dois componentes: o compulsório e o estratégico. O primeiro trata da gestão dos processos decorrentes do modelo institucional, e o segundo, daqueles que são frutos de suas decisões estratégicas. A principal característica do Ital é ser uma instituição híbrida, pois juridicamente é um instituto público de pesquisa, mas gerenciado, em alguns aspectos, como uma empresa privada altamente inovadora. Na sua trajetória institucional, o Ital adotou uma organização descentralizada, o que lhe permitiu aprofundar os laços com o setor produtivo e aumentar a participação das fontes extraorçamentárias no seu orçamento total. O componente estratégico de seu modelo gerencial teve um peso muito grande nesse desenvolvimento. No entanto, seu modelo organizacional começa a apresentar sinais de esgotamento, colocando desafios para a sua continuidade como instituição de referência433661693This article analyzes the organizational development of a public research institute, the Food Technology Institute (Ital), during a period of 10 years. It applies the case study methodology and, for the first time, the concepts of institutional and managerial models. The first concept emphasizes the evolution of the formal characteristics which allow any institution to carry out its social functions. On the other hand, the managerial model consists of two components, the mandatory one, which results from the institutional model, and the strategic one, which results from the methods developed to organize and to conduct the institutuion's strategic decisions. The conclusion is that Ital's main characteristic is to be a hybrid institution, because, although being a legal public institute of research, it has been managed as a highly innovative private enterprise in many aspects. In its institutional trajectory Ital has adopted a decentralized organization which has allowed it to deepen relations with the private sector and to increase the participation of non-government resources in its budget. The strategic component of its managerial model has greatly influenced Ital's organizational development. However, its organizational model is beginning to show signs of fatigue, challengingr its continuity as a reference institutio

Profile of academic entrepreneurship in Brazil: Evidence from the evaluation of former holders of undergraduate research, master and PhD scholarships

Purpose – This paper aims to understand, in the state of São Paulo academic environment, the differences between the profiles of academic entrepreneurs, nonacademic entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – The authors collected data from a more comprehensive research, whose objective was to evaluate the scholarship programmes of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). For data collection, the authors used an online questionnaire, pre-filled with information from the Lattes Curriculum of the sample individuals, as well as information obtained from FAPESP and from coordination for the improvement of higher education personnel. The response rate of the questionnaires was 21 per cent. The authors sought to explore the variables regarding entrepreneurial activities carried out by former scholarship holders, by relating them to other key variables identified in the literature review and explained in the hypotheses. Findings – The results indicate that entrepreneurship rates decrease with the higher academic level of the researcher; in general, academic entrepreneurs come from families with a good financial situation, and applied sciences are the areas of knowledge with more entrepreneurs. Originality/value – Despite the great number of theoretical and empirical studies found in the literature on entrepreneurship and academic entrepreneurship, there is still a shortage of practical studies on this latter topic in Brazil. This gap is even more evident when the authors consider the significant growth of entrepreneurial activity in the country in the past years. This paper contributes to fill this gap, and it aims to understand, in the state of São Paulo academic environment, the differences between the profiles of academic entrepreneurs, nonacademic entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs

Monitoring and Evaluation as a Way to Complete and to Implement a Policy : The Case of Brazilian National Innovation Policy

The present National Innovation Policy (henceforth called PNI) was instituted in Brazil by Decree No. 10.537, of October 28, 2020, within the federal public administration. The policy's objective is to guide, coordinate and articulate strategies, programs, and actions across several public entities to foster innovation in the productive sector. Thus, it aims to increase the productivity and competitiveness of companies and other institutions throughout the innovation process. The policy is structured around six axes: funding innovation, innovation culture, technological background, market development, educational systems, and intellectual property. Objectives and guidelines are defined for each of these Axes. However, neither a previous Theory of Change, a Logical Framework, nor a monitoring and evaluation system was established to guide the implementation. Operationally speaking, the policy was implemented by gathering ongoing actions from eighteen different federal ministries and agencies and then assigning them to the axes above. It was an ad hoc measure to put the policy into practice. As can be inferred, the selected actions did not emerge as a breakdown from axes. In 2021 the design and implementation of a monitoring and evaluation model (M&E) were commissioned to an independent evaluation group. The objective was to develop an original methodology and indicators for monitoring and evaluating outputs, outcomes and impacts of the PNI. The challenge of the model is twofold: to adjust the matching amongst actions, axes, and the policy's objectives, and to implement a common framework for M&E able to coordinate the involved agencies. A Theory of Change and a Logical Framework were ex-post designed and validated, and based on these references, the model was conceived. It defined a classical template for monitoring the ongoing actions (using flags and lights according to execution), adding indicators of outcomes and impacts. It is an integrated M&E model that, once implemented, will require that new actions be justified not only in terms of their outputs but also on the expected outcomes and impacts. Standard indicators of science, technology and innovation outcomes and impacts from different sources as for OECD, UNESCO, Global Innovation Index and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG/UN) have been gathered and organized to be employed in the M&E process. Non-standard indicators are also foreseen so that the model can measure internationally comparable and specific indicators. The whole model is now under development and validation among stakeholders. We expect this process to go beyond the domain of M&E and influences the way priorities are defined, and governance is established and run. By involving different actors, incorporating the SDGs into the policy's core, the evaluation process facilitated the policy's implementation and coordination. Furthermore, the articulation between the different stakeholders, promoted by the M&E, minimized fragmentation and uncoordinated actions within the scope of the policy's formulation. It is in this sense that the evaluation process is a way to transform the policy itsel

Da P&D à inovação: desafios para o setor elétrico brasileiro

In Brazil, companies operating in the electricity sector must invest at least 1% of their net operating revenues in R & D and energy efficiency programs. This obligation challenges their capacity to manage their research and innovation efforts. As these companies belong to a supplier-dominated sector, they face constraints related to the generation of innovations: often the results of R & D projects are not implemented. This situation reveals not only problems in the sector innovation policy, but also the absence of robust mechanisms to support companies in decisions that can help them generate benefits from research. This work presents a tool developed for the Brazilian electricity companies aiming to characterize and propose solutions to overcome and/or prevent scientific and technology, market and management gaps likely to occur in R & D projects in order to enlarge the appropriation, adoption and diffusion of their results, and the generation of positive impacts.No Brasil, companhias atuantes no setor elétrico (geração, transmissão e distribuição – GTD) são obrigadas a investir pelo menos 1% de sua receita operacional líquida em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) e eficiência energética, obrigação que traz grandes desafios à gestão da pesquisa e da inovação. Inseridas em um setor tipicamente comprador de inovações, essas companhias enfrentam limitações relacionadas à geração de inovações: com frequência, os resultados de projetos de P&D não são implementados, o que aponta para problemas na lógica da política de incentivo para inovação no setor, mas também para ausência de mecanismos robustos de tomada de decisões que apoiem as empresas na geração de benefícios a partir de seus esforços de pesquisa. Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta aplicável a empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro com o propósito de caracterizar e propor soluções para superar e/ou prevenir lacunas científicas e tecnológicas, mercadológicas e gerenciais susceptíveis de ocorrência em projetos de P&D, no intuito de ampliar a apropriação, adoção e difusão de seus resultados e dos benefícios decorrentes.223552564In Brazil, companies operating in the electricity sector must invest at least 1% of their net operating revenues in R & D and energy efficiency programs. This obligation challenges their capacity to manage their research and innovation efforts. As these companies belong to a supplier-dominated sector, they face constraints related to the generation of innovations: often the results of R & D projects are not implemented. This situation reveals not only problems in the sector innovation policy, but also the absence of robust mechanisms to support companies in decisions that can help them generate benefits from research. This work presents a tool developed for the Brazilian electricity companies aiming to characterize and propose solutions to overcome and/or prevent scientific and technology, market and management gaps likely to occur in R & D projects in order to enlarge the appropriation, adoption and diffusion of their results, and the generation of positive impacts

Trajetória institucional de um instituto público de pesquisa: o caso do Ital após 1995

Este artigo analisa a evolução organizacional de um instituto público de pesquisa tecnológica, o Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (Ital) por meio de um estudo de caso, num período de 10 anos. Aplica pela primeira vez os conceitos de modelos institucional e gerencial. Por modelo institucional entende-se a evolução das características jurídicas que permitem a uma instituição o cumprimento de suas funções sociais. O modelo gerencial compreende dois componentes: o compulsório e o estratégico. O primeiro trata da gestão dos processos decorrentes do modelo institucional, e o segundo, daqueles que são frutos de suas decisões estratégicas. A principal característica do Ital é ser uma instituição híbrida, pois juridicamente é um instituto público de pesquisa, mas gerenciado, em alguns aspectos, como uma empresa privada altamente inovadora. Na sua trajetória institucional, o Ital adotou uma organização descentralizada, o que lhe permitiu aprofundar os laços com o setor produtivo e aumentar a participação das fontes extraorçamentárias no seu orçamento total. O componente estratégico de seu modelo gerencial teve um peso muito grande nesse desenvolvimento. No entanto, seu modelo organizacional começa a apresentar sinais de esgotamento, colocando desafios para a sua continuidade como instituição de referência

INDÚSTRIA E BIODIVERSIDADE NO BRASIL: O NOVO MARCO REGULATÓRIO SOBRE O USO SUSTENTÁVEL DA BIODIVERSIDADE

Objetivo: Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever a trajetória das políticas públicas sobre o uso sustentável da biodiversidade pela indústria no Brasil, bem como analisar o atual cenário regulatório nacional e suas implicações para a indústria brasileira.Métodos: Para tanto, por meio de uma abordagem hipotético dedutiva, são analisadas a legislação e a literatura científica relacionada.Contribuições: As principais contribuições deste trabalho são (i) a descrição organizada da evolução das políticas públicas sobre o tema, (ii) a demonstração do estabelecimento de uma nova dinâmica para os investimentos em pesquisa, produção e comercialização de produtos oriundos da biodiversidade brasileira devido à aprovação do Novo Marco Regulatório sobre o uso sustentado da biodiversidade no desenvolvimento de bens e serviços entre o final de 2015 (Lei 13.123/2015) e início de 2016 (Decreto 8772/2016), e (iii) a exposição de gargalos na legislação

Management of public research institutes in Brazil: Limits of the legal framework

This article aims to identify what are the autonomy spaces and the organizational and managing flexibility of public research organizations in Brazil, given the limits imposed by its legal framework and the consequences for the accomplishment and performance of institutional missions. In order to do it, different experiences on organizational restructuring, legal models and legislation of public research institutes in Brazil and around the world were analyzed, and two case studies with Brazilian public research institutes were presented — the National Institute of Space Research (Inpe) and the National Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI) —, both belonging to the federal administration and governed by the same legal framework. The conclusions point out for the existence of degrees of managing freedom, which bring perspectives of flexibility and autonomy that could be used and explored in different ways and expanded by this kind of organization. © 2015, Fundacao Getulio Vargas. All rights reserved.Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar quais os espaços de autonomia e flexibilidade gerencial e organizacional dos institutos públicos de pesquisa (IPPs) no Brasil em face dos limites impostos por seu arcabouço legal, assim como os desdobramentos dessas condições para o cumprimento e o desempenho das missões institucionais. Para tal, foram buscadas experiências distintas sobre reorganizações organizacionais, modelos jurídicos e legislações de IPPs no Brasil e no mundo, e realizados dois estudos de caso com IPPs brasileiros — Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (Inpe) e Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer (CTI) —, ambos sujeitos ao regime jurídico da administração direta federal. Como conclusão destaca-se a existência de graus de liberdade gerencial que abrem perspectivas de autonomia e flexibilidade que podem ser aproveitadas de forma variada e ampliada por parte desse tipo de organização.493595614This article aims to identify what are the autonomy spaces and the organizational and managing flexibility of public research organizations in Brazil, given the limits imposed by its legal framework and the consequences for the accomplishment and performance of institutional missions. In order to do it, different experiences on organizational restructuring, legal models and legislation of public research institutes in Brazil and around the world were analyzed, and two case studies with Brazilian public research institutes were presented — the National Institute of Space Research (Inpe) and the National Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI) —, both belonging to the federal administration and governed by the same legal framework. The conclusions point out for the existence of degrees of managing freedom, which bring perspectives of flexibility and autonomy that could be used and explored in different ways and expanded by this kind of organization. © 2015, Fundacao Getulio Vargas. All rights reserved