Relative age effect in spanish professional football

El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar si se produce el efecto de la edad relativa en el fútbol profesional en España, donde el corte de edad actual para la formación de las diferentes categorías es el del año natural y su análisis por demarcación en el terreno de juego. El análisis ha incluido a todos los futbolistas de la primera división española de las temporadas 1999/2000, 2008/09, 2009/10 y 2010/11. El resultado de nuestro estudio confirma un efecto de la edad relativa en el fútbol profesional en España en la actualidad, no así en el año 2000. Diferenciando por posición de juego, se muestra la incidencia de RAE solamente en las posiciones de defensa y centrocampista en los tres últimos años.The purpose of this study is to assess if there is a relative age effect in Spanish professional football, where the current cut off age for training in the different categories is based on the calendar year; and its analysis by position on the playing field. The analysis has included all the footballers playing in the first division on league championships in Spain. The results of our study confirm a relative age effect in professional football in Spain at present, but not in 2000. When differentiating by playing position there is a RAE incidence in defender and midfield players in the last three year

Effects of different contextual interference programs in agility (Efectos producidos por diferentes programas de interferencia contextual en la agilidad)

En este estudio participaron 76 alumnos de 9-10 años de edad de un colegio público de educación primaria (44 chicos y 32 chicas). Los participantes fueron randomizados en función del resultado del pretest en cuatro grupos: interferencia contextual baja (ICB, n=19), interferencia contextual moderada (ICM, n=19) interferencia contextual alta (ICA, n=19) y Grupo Control (GC, n=19). El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer que método de entrenamiento de la agilidad en función de la interferencia contextual baja, moderada o alta (ICB, ICM e ICA) es más efectivo en escolares de cuarto curso de educación primaria, con el fin de dilucidar qué método de desarrollo de esta capacidad resultó el idóneo en esta etapa de escolarización. La agilidad fue evaluada mediante el test MAT2. Salvo en el grupo control (CG), se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la agilidad (test MAT2), en todos los grupos después de un programa de intervención de 4 semanas de duración en alumnos del cuarto curso de primaria. Estas diferencias han sido superiores en el grupo de ICM (p<0,01, ES=1,12). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05, ES=0,79) en el postest entre el grupo de ICM e ICB. This study involved 76 students from 9-10 years old in a public elementary school (44 boys and 32 girls). Participants were randomized to the outcome of the pretest into four groups: low contextual interference (ICB, n = 19), moderate contextual interference (ICM, n = 19) high contextual interference (ICA, n = 19) and Control Group (GC, n = 19). The aim of this study was to determine which method of agility training (ICB, ICM or ICA) is more effective in primary school children (9-10 years), in order to figure out what method of development of this capacity was the appropriate at this stage of schooling. The agility was evaluated by MAT2 test. Except in the control group (GC), there were significant differences in agility (MAT2 test) in all groups (ICB, ICM and ICA) after an intervention program of 4-week fourth-year students of elementary school. These differences have been higher in the ICM group (p<0.01, ES=1.12). We found significant differences (p<0.05, ES=0.79) in the posttest between the ICM and ICB group

Physical activity and leisure habits and relation with Ruffier index in adolescents

El objetivo del estudio fue medir y correlacionar la práctica de actividad física y con el Índice de Ruffier (IR) en adolescentes. A un total de 884 alumnos (edad=16,4±0,8 años) se les midió la actividad física con la Versión modificada del Assessment of Physical Activity Level Questionnaire (APALQ) y se evaluó la capacidad de adaptación al esfuerzo mediante el Test Ruffier. La media del Índice de Ruffier fue 11,1±4,6 y el Índice de actividad física (IAF) 13,8±4,4. Las relaciones entre IAF y el IR, y entre horas de ocio sedentario e IR resultaron ser significativas aunque débiles (r=-0,31; p=0,000). En el IR los chicos presentaron valores superiores (t= -8,78; p= 0,000) a las chicas. También destinan más tiempo a la práctica de AF y estas diferencias fueron significativas en AF reglada y no reglada y en participación en competición (p=0,000), mientras que las chicas destinan más tiempo a actividades sedentarias como leer y estudiar (p=0,000). Es necesario promover la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas, especialmente entre las chicasThe aim of the study was to assess and correlate physical activity practice and fitness level in adolescents. A total of 884 students (age=16,4±0,8 years) answered the modified version of the “Assessment of Physical Activity Level Questionnaire (APALQ)” and aerobic capacity was assessed through the Ruffier Test. The mean Ruffier Index (IR) was 11,1±4,6 and the mean Physical Activity Index (IAF) was 13,8±4,4. The relationship between IAF and IR, and between sedentary activities in leisure time and IR, was significant (r=-0,31; p=0,000). although weak. Boys showed higher physical fitness values (t= -8,78; p= 0,000) and spent more time practicing physical activity. These differences were significant for both regulated and not regulated physical activity and for participation in competition (p=0.000). Girls spent more time in sedentary activities like reading and studying (p=0.000). It is necessary to promote physical activity and sport practice, especially among girls

Physical activity quantification in elder women

Cuantificación de la actividad física en mujeres mayores

Triacylglyceride, antioxidant and antimicrobial features of virgin camellia oleifera, C. reticulata and C. sasanqua oils

Virgin oils obtained from seeds of Camellia oleifera (CO), Camellia reticulata (CR) and Camellia sasanqua (CS) were studied for their triacylglyceride composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Levels of fatty acids determined by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis were similar to those reported for olive oils (82.30%–84.47%; 5.69%–7.78%; 0.26%–0.41% and 8.04%–11.2%, for oleic, linoleic, linolenic and saturated acids, respectively). The CR oil showed the best antioxidant potential in the three in vitro models tested. With regard to EC50 values (μg/mL), the order in DPPH radical-scavenging was CR (33.48) < CO (35.20) < CS (54.87). Effectiveness in reducing power was CR (2.81) < CO (3.09) < CS (5.32). IC50 for LPO inhibition were 0.37, 0.52 and 0.75 μg/mL for CR, CO and CS, respectively. All the oils showed antimicrobial activity, and exhibited different selectivity and MICs for each microorganism tested (E. coli, B. cereus and C. albicans). B. cereus was the less sensitive species (MIC: 52.083 ± 18.042 for CO; 41.667 ± 18.042 for CR; 104.167 ± 36.084 for CS mg/mL) and the E. coli was the most sensitive to camellia oil’s effect. The standard gentamicin presented higher MIC for E. coli (4.2) than the CR (MIC= 2.6) and CO (MIC = 3.9) oils

Antimicrobial properties of Camellia oleifera oil

Camellias have been used in oriental ethnomedicine and appear very promising for pharmaceutical exploitation since modern science has made it possible to specify their potential medical significance with antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiallergic, antiviral and skin healing properties. In the present study oil obtained from seeds of Camellia oleifera was studied for its antimicrobial activity using clinically isolated bacterial and yeast strains. The oil evidenced antimicrobial activity, and showed different selectivity and MICs for each microorganism tested. Obtained results indicate that the tested oil acted best in relation to Gram (-) bacteria than Gram (+). The data obtained in the in vitro models clearly establish its antimicrobial potency.XUNTA DE GALICIA for financial support: Grants INCITE09 262346PR and PGIDIT06RAG26103PR. X.F. would also like to thank the Xunta de Galicia (Isidro Parga Pondal Program for young researchers, Grant No. IPP-020

Análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de la oferta de piscinas cubiertas en las Comunidades Autónomas españolas

La natación recreativa es la actividad físico-deportiva con mayor volumen de practicantes en España. Esta actividad se ha visto favorecida en los últimos años por el progresivo incremento de la oferta de piscinas cubiertas, siendo este espacio el que presenta mayor intensidad de uso. Distintos estudios han destacado la asociación positiva entre la disponibilidad de instalaciones deportivas y los niveles de actividad física de la población. El análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de la oferta de piscinas cubiertas en las Comunidades Autónomas puede resultar un excelente indicador del grado de desarrollo de estas instalaciones en la consecución de un entorno social más saludable. Para ello, se seleccionaron 12 variables por un grupo de expertos que permitieran el análisis de la oferta de piscinas cubiertas en las regiones, y mediante el análisis con un Indicador Sintético de Piscinas Cubiertas (ISPC) se clasificó a las Comunidades Autónomas en 4 niveles de desarrollo (Bajo, Medio-Bajo, Medio Alto y Alto). Los resultados ofrecen una gran disparidad entre las regiones en sus dotaciones de piscinas cubiertas, fruto de las diferentes inversiones políticas, culturas deportivas y realidades sociales, situándose en los primeros puestos las Comunidades Autónomas con mayor práctica deportiva. Este estudio puede servir de herramienta para una mejor planificación deportiva de las Autonomías y entidades promotoras del deporte. Palabras clave: piscinas cubiertas, indicador sintético, planificación deportiva, posicionamiento, comunidades autónomas. The physical-sport activity more practiced in Spain is the recreational swimming. In recent years, this activity has been amplified by the progressive increment of indoor pools, being these types of spaces, the ones that present more use. Different studies have manifested the positive association between the availability of sports facilities and levels of population’s physical activity. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the offer of indoor swimming pools in Autonomous Communities can result an excellent indicator of the degree of development of these facilities, to achieve a healthy social context. For this study, 12 variables by a group of experts were selected to permit the analysis of the offer of indoor swimming pools in the Autonomous Communities. With the analysis of a Synthetic Indicator of Indoor Pools (ISPC), was classified each Autonomous Community into 4 levels of development (Low, Lower-Middle, Upper-Medium and Upper). The results demonstrate the great disparities between Autonomous Communities with regards of their resources in indoor swimming pools, which has been produced from different political investments, sports cultures and social realities, being in the first positions the Autonomous Communities with higher levels sports practice. This study can be a useful tool for better sports planning’s in Autonomies and also for companies of the sport. Key words: indoor pools, synthetic indicator, sports planning, ranking, autonomous communities

Real world data in primary care: validation of diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in primary care electronic medical records and estimated prevalence among consulting patients

Primary care electronic medical records contain clinical-administrative information on a high percentage of the population. Before this information can be used for epidemiological purposes, its quality must be verified. This study aims to validate diagnoses of atrial fibrillation (AF) recorded in primary care electronic medical records and to estimate the prevalence of AF in the population attending primary care consultations. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional validation study of all diagnoses of AF recorded in primary care electronic medical records in Madrid (Spain). We also performed simple random sampling of diagnoses of AF (ICPC-2 code K78) registered by 55 physicians and random age- and sex-matched sampling of the records that included a diagnosis of AF. Electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and hospital discharge or cardiology clinic reports were matched. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and overall agreement were calculated using the kappa statistic (κ). The prevalence of AF in the community of Madrid was estimated considering the sensitivity and specificity obtained in the validation. All calculations were performed overall and by sex and age groups. Results: The degree of agreement was very high (κ = 0.952), with a sensitivity of 97.84%, specificity of 97.39%, PPV of 97.37%, and NPV of 97.85%. The prevalence of AF in the population aged over 18 years was 2.41% (95%CI 2.39–2.42% [2.25% in women and 2.58% in men]). This increased progressively with age, reaching 16.95% in those over 80 years of age (15.5% in women and 19.44% in men). Conclusions: The validation results obtained enable diagnosis of AF recorded in primary care to be used as a tool for epidemiological studies. A high prevalence of AF was found, especially in older patientsThis study forms part of research funded by the FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias—Health Research Fund, Instituto de Salud Carlos III) grants no. PI13/00632, and co-funded by the European Union through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, “A way of shaping Europe”. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Interindividual variability in sweat electrolyte concentration in marathoners

Background: Sodium (Na+) intake during exercise aims to replace the Na+ lost by sweat to avoid electrolyteimbalances, especially in endurance disciplines. However, Na+ needs can be very different among individuals because of the great inter-individual variability in sweat electrolyte concentration. The aim of this investigation was to determine sweat electrolyte concentration in a large group of marathoners. Methods: A total of 157 experienced runners (141 men and 16 women) completed a marathon race (24.4 ± 3.6 °C and 27.7 ± 4.8 % of humidity). During the race, sweat samples were collected by using sweat patches placed on the runners’ forearms. Sweat electrolyte concentration was measured by using photoelectric flame photometry. Results: As a group, sweat Na+ concentration was 42.9 ± 18.7 mmol·L−1 (minimal-maximal value = 7.0–95.5 mmol·L−1), sweat Cl− concentration was 32.2 ± 15.6 mmol·L−1 (7.3–90.6 mmol·L−1) and sweat K+ concentration was 6.0 ± 0.9 mmol·L−1 (3.1–8.0 mmol·L−1). Women presented lower sweat Na+ (33.9 ± 12.1 vs 44.0 ± 19.1 mmol·L−1; P = 0.04) andsweat Cl− concentrations (22.9 ± 10.5 vs 33.2 ± 15.8 mmol·L−1; P = 0.01) than men. A 20 % of individuals presented asweat Na+ concentration higher than 60 mmol·L−1 while this threshold was not surpassed by any female marathoner. Sweat electrolyte concentration did not correlate to sweat rate, age, body characteristics, experience or training. Although there was a significant correlation between sweat Na+ concentration and running pace (r = 0.18; P = 0.03), this association was weak to interpret that sweat Na+ concentration increased with running pace. Conclusions: The inter-individual variability in sweat electrolyte concentration was not explained by any individual characteristics except for individual running pace and sex. An important portion (20 %) of marathoners might need special sodium intake recommendations due to their high sweat salt losses