Vínculos fraternos y sociales de artesanos indígenas beneficiarios de un programa público en la Sierra de Zongolica, Veracruz

Poverty alleviation is one of the most important challenges in Mexico addressed mostly from the economic point of view and frequently leaving aside the perspective of social capital, which gives great importance to the deficiencies of socioemotional goods of social groups affected by poverty. The objective of this study was to understand the social capital of the groups of indigenous artisans who are beneficiaries of the Program for Indigenous Production and Productivity of the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples, and how fraternal and social ties have influenced the improvement of production and the wellbeing of indigenous families. A survey was applied to 54 beneficiaries devoted to the elaboration of wool, clay and wood handcrafts in five municipalities with high and very high marginalization in the Sierra de Zongolica, state of Veracruz. The results show that there is great trust from members of the groups towards the leader and between one another. This study proposes a composed index of fraternal ties, among which some stood out such as sharing economic benefits, increase in productivity, trust in the group, and sharing of knowledge.La reducción de la pobreza es uno de los retos más importantes de países como México que ha sido abordada desde el punto de vista principalmente económico, frecuentemente dejando de lado la perspectiva del capital social, que le da importancia primordial a las deficiencias de bienes socioemocionales de los grupos sociales afectados por la pobreza. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el capital social de los grupos de artesanos indígenas beneficiarios del Programa para la Producción y Productividad Indígena de la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas y cómo han influido los vínculos fraternos y sociales en el mejoramiento de la producción y del bienestar de las familias indígenas. Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 54 beneficiarios dedicados a la elaboración de artesanías de lana, barro y madera en cinco municipios de alta y muy alta marginación de la Sierra de Zongolica, estado de Veracruz. Los resultados muestran existe una gran confianza de los miembros de los grupos hacia el líder y entre ellos. Este estudio realizó análisis de ranking o scoring de vínculos fraternos entre los cuales sobresalieron compartir beneficios económicos, aumento en la productividad, confianza en el grupo y compartir los conocimientos

A Bayesian Multiple-Trait and Multiple-Environment Model Using the Matrix Normal Distribution

Genomic selection (GS) is playing a major role in plant breeding for the selection of candidate individuals (animal or plants) early in time. However, for improving GS better statistical models are required. For this reason, in this chapter book we provide an improved version of the Bayesian multiple-trait and multiple-environment (BMTME) model of Montesinos-López et al. that takes into account the correlation between traits (genetic and residual) and between environments since allows general covariance’s matrices. This improved version of the BMTME model was derived using the matrix normal distribution that allows a more easy derivation of all full conditional distributions required, allows a more efficient model in terms of time of implementation. We tested the proposed model using simulated and real data sets. According to our results we have elements to conclude that this model improved considerably in terms of time of implementation and it is better than a Bayesian multiple-trait, multiple-environment model that not take into account general covariance structure for covariance’s of the traits and environments

A mutação G1 do gene GDF9 e sua relação com o peso ao nascer em ovelhas Pelibuey

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the GDF9 (Growth Differentiation Factor 9) gene have been associated with litter size or type of birth and birth weight in sheep. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of SNP G1 in exon 1 of the GDF9 gene to relate it to birth weight (BW) and productive variables (weaning weight: WW and daily weight gain: DWG) in breed lambs. Pelibuey. A total of 64 lambs from single (n=9) and multiple (n=55) births were used. Using PCR-RFLP markers, the presence of SNP G1 was identified; with a genotype frequency of 0.84 for the wild type GG and 0.15 for the heterozygous GA genotype. The allele frequency was 0.92 for the (G) allele and 0.078 for the A allele. The AA mutated genotype was not detected. The GA genotype was present in multiple birth lambs. The variables BW, WW and DWG were higher (P<0.05) in lambs from single birth with genotype GG (GGS) than in lambs from multiple birth with genotype GG (GGM) and lambs from multiple birth with GA genotype (GAM). The GGS lambs had a better preweaning performance with respect to the GA and GG genotype lambs from multiple births. Finally, BW, WW and DWG were statistically different between type of birth and type of genotype (P<0.05). This is the first report of this G1 SNP in Pelibuey sheep.Polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) en el gen GDF9 (Growth Differentiation Factor 9), han sido asociados con el tamaño de camada o tipo de parto y peso al nacimiento en ovinos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la presencia del SNP G1 en el exón 1 del gen GDF9 para relacionarlo con el peso al nacimiento (PN) y las variables productivas (peso al destete: PD y ganancia diaria de peso: GDP) en corderos raza Pelibuey. Se usaron 64 corderos provenientes de parto simple (n=9) y múltiple (n=55).  Mediante marcadores PCR-RFLP, se identificó la presencia del SNP G1; con una frecuencia genotípica de 0.84 para el genotipo silvestre GG y 0.15 para el genotipo heterocigótico GA. La frecuencia alélica fue de 0.92 para el alelo (G) y 0.078 para el alelo A. No se detectó el genotipo mutado AA. El genotipo GA estuvo presente en corderos de parto múltipleLas variables PN, PD y GDP fueron superiores (P<0.05) en corderos de parto simple con el genotipo GG (GGS) que en corderos de parto múltiple con genotipo GG (GGM) y corderos de parto múltiple con genotipo GA (GAM). Los corderos GGS tuvieron mejor desempeño predestete con respecto a los corderos de genotipo GA y GG de parto múltiple.  Finalmente, PN, PD y GDP fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre tipo de parto y tipo de genotipo (P<0.05). Este es el primer reporte de este SNP G1 en ovinos raza Pelibuey.Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) no gene GDF9 (Fator de Diferenciação de Crescimento 9) têm sido associados ao tamanho da ninhada ou tipo de parto e peso ao nascer em ovinos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a presença do SNP G1 no exon 1 do gene GDF9 para relacioná-lo com o peso ao nascer (BN) e variáveis ​​produtivas (peso ao desmame (PD) e ganho de peso diário (GDP) em cordeiros). Foram utilizados 64 cordeiros de nascimentos simples (n=9) e múltiplos (n=55). A presença do SNP G1 foi identificada através de marcadores PCR-RFLP, com frequência genotípica de 0,84 para o tipo selvagem GG e 0,15 para o genótipo heterozigoto GA. A frequência alélica foi de 0,92 para o alelo (G) e 0,078 para o alelo A. O genótipo AA mutado não foi detectado. O genótipo GA estava presente em cordeiros de nascimentos múltiplos. As variáveis ​​PN, PD e O PIB foi maior (P<0,05) em cordeiros de nascimento único com genótipo GG (GGS) do que em cordeiros de nascimento múltiplo com genótipo GG (GGM) e cordeiros de nascimento múltiplo com genótipo GA (GAM). desempenho ao desmame em comparação com cordeiros de genótipos GA e GG de partos múltiplos. Finalmente, PN, PD e GDP foram estatisticamente diferentes entre tipo de parto e tipo de genótipo (P<0,05). Este é o primeiro relato de SNP G1 em ovelhas Pelibuey

Growth performance and carcass classification of pure Pelibuey and crossbred lambs raised under an intensive production system in a warm-humid climate

Se estudió el efecto de la raza en el crecimiento, las características y la clasificación de la canal utilizando 11 corderos Charollais x Pelibuey (ChP), 10 corderos Dorper x Pelibuey (DP) y 18 corderos Pelibuey (P) bajo un sistema de producción intensiva en un clima cálido-húmedo. Se observó un efecto significativo del genotipo (P<0.05) en el peso al nacer (PN), el peso al destete (PD) y la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), todos ellos fueron mayores en el genotipo ChP. Los corderos ChP y DP alcanzaron el peso comercial 35 y 23 días antes, respectivamente, que los corderos P. El genotipo tiene una marcada influencia en las características de la canal, afecta la conformación y la clasificación de la canal. La probabilidad de obtener una canal con buena conformación y clasificación MEX 1 (buena: MEX 1) es 72 % mayor para el genotipo ChP que para el genotipo P. Los rendimientos de lomo y pierna del genotipo ChP fueron mayores que los de los otros genotipos. El pH, la temperatura y el color instrumental de la canal, la carne y la grasa subcutánea fueron afectados por el genotipo. Los corderos ChP mostraron un mejor crecimiento, características y clasificación de la canal que los corderos de los genotipos DP y P.The effect of breed on growth, characteristics, and carcass classification was investigated using 11 Charollais x Pelibuey (ChP) lambs, 10 Dorper x Pelibuey (DP) lambs, and 18 Pelibuey (P) lambs in an intensive production system in a warm-humid climate. A significant effect of genotype ( <0.05) was observed on birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and daily weight gain (DWG), all of which were higher in the ChP genotype. ChP and DP lambs reached commercial weight 35 and 23 d earlier, respectively than P lambs. Genotype has a marked influence on the carcass characteristics, affect conformation and classification of carcass. The probability of obtaining a carcass with good conformation and MEX 1 classification (good: MEX 1) is 72 % higher for the ChP genotype than for the P genotype. The loin and leg yields of the ChP genotype were higher than those of the other genotypes. The pH, temperature, and instrumental color of the carcass, meat, and subcutaneous fat were affected by genotype. ChP lambs showed better growth, characteristics, and carcass classification than lambs of the DP and P genotypes

Postharvest management of Heliconia psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cv. Tropics

Objetive:&nbsp; Evaluate different techniques to prolong the postharvest life of &nbsp;Heliconia psittacorum x H. spathocircinata cv. Tropics. Design/methodology/approach: Two experiments were carried out; in the first it was evaluated the effect of five pulse solutions [(T1 = control (water); T2 = Hydraflor® 100 (0.5 g L-1); T3 = Hydraflor® 100 (0.5 g L-1) + sucrose (5% w/v); T4 = salicylic acid (1mM) and T5 = salicylic acid (1mM) + sucrose (5% w / v)] prior to storage at 11 ° C and 85 % RH for 10 d. In the second experiment, a wax coating was applied to the heliconia bracts and then maintain at 13 °C and 84% RH for 10 d; after storage the stems were placed in water or salicylic acid solution (1 mM). The results were analyzed by a completely randomized design, 10 replicates were used per treatment, one stem was one experimental unit. An ANOVA and a means comparison test (Tukey, ?=0.05) were performed with the SAS version 9.4. Results: The anatomy of heliconia stems determines their vase life, since they have wide xylem vessels susceptible to cavitation, for which the absorption of water is limited, also and non-functional stomata in the bracts, which increase the loss of moisture from the tissue. The use of pulse solutions or preservatives has little effect in prolonging the life of heliconia stems. Therefore, the application of wax creates a physical barrier that maintains the turgor of the stems, reduces oxidation, maintaining the bracts quality and increased the total postharvest life for 6 d more than the control stems. Study limitations/implications: No limitations were found in this study Findings/conclusions: The postharvest life of heliconia is conditioned by the loss of turgor and low water absorption, which leads to an early wilting of the inflorescences. The application of pulse solutions or preservatives have little effect in prolonging the life of the vase, so the most suitable technique to preserve the quality of the stems is waxing

Effect of two enzyme systems on the removal of mucilage from coffee cherry beans (Coffea arabica L.)

Objective: To evaluate and compare the percentage of mucilage removal from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in pulping using two enzyme systems, Celuzyme and Macerex PM. Design/methodology/approach: Seven treatments combinations were evaluated (type of enzyme and concentration level, plus a control) at 30-minute intervals for 3 h. The experimental unit was 0.2 kg of pulped coffee. Results: Results showed when using these enzyme systems (Macerex PM and Celuzyme) the percentage of mucilage removal increased and time was significantly reduced by 3 to 4 h compared to the natural fermentation time of 15 to 20 h. Limitations on study/implications: Effect of two enzyme systems, Macerex PM and Celuzyme, at different concentrations (ppm). Findings/conclusions: The Macerex PM and Celuzyme enzyme systems showed 95% and 84.5% removed mucilage compared to 35% of the control.Objective: To evaluate and compare the percentage of mucilage removal from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in pulping using two enzyme systems, Celuzyme and Macerex PM. Design/methodology/approach: Seven treatments combinations were evaluated (type of enzyme and concentration level, plus a control) at 30 min intervals for 3 h. The experimental unit was 0.2 kg of pulped coffee. Results: Results showed when using these enzyme systems (Macerex PM and Celuzyme) the percentage of mucilage removal increased and time was significantly reduced by 3 to 4 h compared to the natural fermentation time of 15 to 20 h. Limitations on study/implications: Effect of two enzyme systems, Macerex PM and Celuzyme, at different concentrations (mg L-1). Findings/conclusions: The Macerex PM and Celuzyme enzyme systems showed 95% and 84.5% removed mucilage compared to 35% of the contro

Treatments to prolong the postharvest life of Heliconia wagneriana Petersen

Tropical flowers have a growing market due to their exotic appearance and thus postharvest techniques are necessary to prolong their shelf life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wax and salicylic acid (1 mM) in reducing chilling injury and increase the vase life in stems of Heliconia wagneriana stored at low temperature. For that, 120 stems were harvested in a commercial area. From these, 60 stems were waxed and air-dried; while 60 unwaxed stems served as controls. Then 2 groups of 48 stems from both treated and control were cold-stored at 13 °C and 84 % RH for 5 and 10 days. After storage, the stems were placed either in salicylic acid solution (1 mM) or tap water. The remaining stems (12 waxed and 12 control) were kept at room temperature. The variables evaluated were anatomical characteristics, fresh weight loss, solution uptake, vase life, enzymatic activity (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase), and membrane integrity. The wax coating maintained the fresh weight and extended the vase life of the stored stems under room temperature for up to 2 more days. The vase life of the cold-stored stems of 5 and 10 days was extended by 3 and 2 more days respectively, as compared to the control. No significant effect was observed for the use of salicylic acid (1 mM). The bracts tissue of the waxed stems showed lower enzymatic activity, reflected in lower oxidative stress compared to the control. Tropical species as heliconia present a very low water absorption, then the use of wax coating is recommended to preserve the turgidity and shelf life of the stems

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of a functional honey-added marshmallow

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the addition of honey and the ºBloom of gelatin on the phenol content and antioxidant capacity of a marshmallow. Design/methodology/approach: A 32 factorial design was carried out adding honey concentrations of 0, 50 and 75 % and grenetins of 265, 300 and 315 ºBloom. Results: The addition of honey increased the phenol content and antioxidant activity by more than 45 % compared to samples without honey. Sensory analysis did not show differences in taste, smell and mouthfeel between samples with and without honey, however, higher ºBloom improved the texture and appearance of the marshmallows. Limitations of the study/implications: The sweetness of the marshmallows with honey increased with the concentration of the honey, being excessive for consumers. Findings/conclusions: Marshmallows made with honey are a viable alternative for introduction to the confectionery market.Objective: To evaluate the effect of adding honey and the gelatin degrees Bloom in the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of a marshmallow product. Design/methodology/approach: A 32 factorial design was carried out adding 0, 50 and 75% honey concentrations and 265, 300 and 315 degrees Bloom of gelatin. Results: Adding of honey increased the phenolic content and antioxidant activity by 45% compared to samples without honey. Sensory analysis showed no differences in flavor, aroma and mouthfeel between samples with and without honey, however, higher degrees bloom improved the texture and appearance of the marshmallows. Limitations of the study/implications: The sweetness of honey-added marshmallows increased with the honey concentration, being excessive for consumers. Findings/conclusions: Functional honey-added marshmallow is a viable alternative that can be feasibly introduced to the confectionery market

Optimal designs in genomic selection

Recently, many plant and animal breeders have been using genome-wide genetic markers and statistical methods to aid with selection of genetic material. These methods, termed genomic selection (GS), make selections based on estimates of breeding values obtained from a prediction model computed from phenotypic and genomic data of a training population. The precision of the predictions strongly depends on the genetic diversity of the training population (TP). The objectives of this research were (1) To present a new method for creating a TP that maximizes genetic diversity using either the most important genomic markers or the first few principal components (PCs) of the genomic data as inputs into A, D, and V optimal design algorithms; and (2) To evaluate the average predictive ability of the A, D, and V optimal TPs and compare their predictabilities with TPs based on random sampling, the commonly used approach. Using data from the University of Nebraska red winter wheat breeding program, results showed that when created the TP using either the most significant markers or the first PCs, the gain of the average predictive ability was higher in all optimal designs compared with random sampling with an average increase by 13.425% over random sampling. In addition, it was estimated that genetic gains of selection can be increased by 2.8348 and 3.3538 times when using the p1 significant markers and the first p1 PCs compared with the genetic gain of 1.8306 random sampling TP, respectively

Incorporating Molecular Markers and Causal Structure among Traits Using a Smith-Hazel Index and Structural Equation Models

The goal in breeding programs is to choose candidates that produce offspring with the best phenotypes. In conventional selection, the best candidate is selected with high genotypic values (unobserved), in the assumption that this is related to the observed phenotypic values for several traits. Multi-trait selection indices are used to identify superior genotypes when a number of traits are to be considered simultaneously. Often, the causal relationship among the traits is well known. Structural equation models (SEM) have been used to describe the causal relationships among variables in many biological systems. We present a method for multi-trait genomic selection that incorporates causal relationships among traits by coupling SEM with a Smith–Hazel index that incorporates markers. The method was applied to field data from a Nebraska winter wheat breeding program. We found that the correlation and the relative efficiency increased for the proposed Smith– Hazel indices when the total causal information among traits was accounted for by the vector of weights (b), which includes the causal path coefficients in the causal matrix (Λ). On the other hand, when selection was based on a primary trait, for example yield, the proposed SI increased the mean yield of the best 28 (Top 10%) genotypes to 7%