Influence of Feeding Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast Cell Wall on Growth Performance and Digestive Function of Feedlot Cattle during Periods of Elevated Ambient Temperature.

In experiment 1, eighty crossbred steers (239±15 kg) were used in a 229-d experiment to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast (EHY) cell wall in diets on growth performance feedlot cattle during periods of elevated ambient temperature. Treatments consisted of steam-flaked corn-based diets supplemented to provide 0, 1, 2, or 3 g EHY/hd/d. There were no effects on growth performance during the initial 139-d period. However, from d 139 to harvest, when 24-h temperature humidity index averaged 80, EHY increased dry matter intake (DMI) (linear effect, p<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) (linear effect, p = 0.01). There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on carcass characteristics. In experiment 2, four Holstein steers (292±5 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4×4 Latin Square design experiment to evaluate treatments effects on characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion in steers. There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acid, molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, or estimated methane production. Supplemental EHY decreased ruminal molar proportion of acetate (p = 0.08), increased molar proportion of propionate (p = 0.09), and decreased acetate:propionate molar ratio (p = 0.07) and estimated ruminal methane production (p = 0.09). It is concluded that supplemental EHY may enhance DMI and ADG of feedlot steers during periods of high ambient temperature. Supplemental EHY may also enhance ruminal fiber digestion and decrease ruminal acetate:propionate molar ratios in feedlot steers fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets

Influence of Wheat Straw Pelletizing and Inclusion Rate in Dry Rolled or Steam-flaked Corn-based Finishing Diets on Characteristics of Digestion for Feedlot Cattle.

Eight Holstein steers (216±48 kg body weight) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to evaluate effects of wheat straw processing (ground vs pelleted) at two straw inclusion rates (7% and 14%; dry matter basis) in dry rolled or steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets on characteristics of digestion. The experimental design was a split plot consisting of two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares. Increasing straw level reduced ruminal (p<0.01) and total tract (p = 0.03) organic matter (OM) digestion. As expected, increasing wheat straw level from 7% to 14% decreased (p<0.05) ruminal and total tract digestion of OM. Digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch, per se, were not affected (p>0.10) by wheat straw level. Likewise, straw level did not influence ruminal acetate and propionate molar proportions or estimated methane production (p>0.10). Pelleting straw did not affect (p≥0.48) ruminal digestion of OM, NDF, and starch, or microbial efficiency. Ruminal feed N digestion was greater (7.4%; p = 0.02) for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets. Although ruminal starch digestion was not affected by straw processing, post-ruminal (p<0.01), and total-tract starch (p = 0.05) digestion were greater for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets, resulting in a tendency for increased post-ruminal (p = 0.06) and total tract (p = 0.07) OM digestion. Pelleting wheat straw decreased (p<0.01) ruminal pH, although ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and estimated methane were not affected (p≥0.27). Ruminal digestion of OM and starch, and post-ruminal and total tract digestion of OM, starch and N were greater (p<0.01) for steam-flaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal NDF digestion was greater (p = 0.02) for dry rolled than for steam-flaked corn, although total tract NDF digestion was unaffected (p = 0.94). Ruminal microbial efficiency and ruminal degradation of feed N were not affected (p>0.14) by corn processing. However, microbial N flow to the small intestine and ruminal N efficiency (non-ammonia N flow to the small intestine/N intake) were greater (p<0.01) for steam-flaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentration were not affected (p≥ 0.16) by corn processing method. Compared with dry rolled corn, steam-flaked corn-based diets resulted in decreased acetate:propionate molar ratio (p = 0.02). It is concluded that at 7% or 14% straw inclusion rate, changes in physical characteristics of wheat straw brought about by pelleting negatively impact OM digestion of both steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn-based finishing diets. This effect is due to decreased post-ruminal starch digestion. Replacement of ground straw with pelleted straw also may decrease ruminal pH

Use of Pleurotus pulmonarius to change the nutritional quality of wheat straw. I. effect on chemical composition

The effect of Pleurotus pulmonarius on the chemical composition of wheat straw was evaluated. Wheat straw, treated and untreated with P. pulmonarius, was obtained from a commercial facility. Ten samples plastic bags of wheat straw used previously as substrate to culture edible fungus were collected at random. The negative control group consisted of the pasteurized wheat straw untreated with P. pulmonarius. All samples were analyzed to determine dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose of each wheat straw. Data were analyzed by mean comparison using a t-Student test. No differences (P>0.05) between treatments were found for dry matter, crude protein and hemicellulose; however, straw treated with P. pulmonarius showed higher percentages (P<0.05) of organic matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber. It is concluded that growing P. pulmonarius in wheat straw improves the chemical composition of the straw by increasing its organic matter content and modifies the fiber structure, which increases the soluble carbohydrates content

EFFECT OF FEEDING DINNING ROOM AND KITCHEN WASTE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS

This research used 41 growing backyard piglets (11.47 ± 1.2 kg BW) fed for 22 d and assigned at random to three treatment (T) groups, respectively (T1 to T3) with three repetitions. The proportion of commercial concentrate (CC) to kitchen waste (DW) was: T1, 100:0; T2, 50:50 and T3, 0:100. Diets contained: T1, 17.3, 13.6 and 16.3% CP and 3,321, 3,526 and 4,011 McCall/kg of ME, respectively. Weight gain, carcass characteristics, minerals and metabolites in blood serum were evaluated. The weight gain, slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight, hot and cold carcass yield, rib eye area and back fat thickness were not affected by DW (P> 0.05). The cuts of leg shoulder and rib were not affected by treatment (P> 0.05) for dry matter, ash and crude protein content. The increase in DW reduced ether extract content of leg and rib (P <0.05) but not in shoulder (P> 0.05). The concentration of Ca decreased with DW inclusion (P <0.05). No treatment effect was observed in blood metabolites (P> 0.05). It is concluded that feeding with DW the backyard growing pig do not affect growth performance or quality of meat

Salinomycin and virginiamycin for lactating cows supplemented on pasture

Animals on pasture generally show higher feed efficiency as a result of the use of antibiotics. This study evaluated the effect of the antimicrobials salinomycin and/or virginiamycin on production and the ruminal parameters of supplemented dairy cows grazing on Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania. Twelve Holstein/Zebu multiparous cows were used, distributed in three Latin squares, one for the evaluation of ruminal parameters, and the others for production parameters. Cows on pasture were fed 50 % of their estimated intake with corn silage and concentrate supplements containing salinomycin, virginiamycin or a combination of additives, in doses of 120 and 150 mg kg−1, respectively. There were no differences in milk production and composition, energy and nitrogen balance, dry matter digestibility and feeding behavior. However, salinomycin and virginiamycin each reduced pasture and total dry matter intake by about 14 % and 10 %, with a consequent improvement in feed efficiency

Combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin for finishing Nellore steers fed high concentrate diets

Zebu cattle fed high concentrate diets may present inconsistent performance due to the occurrence of metabolic disorders, like acidosis. The isolated use of ionophores and virginiamycin in high grain diets can improve animal performance and reduce the incidence of such disorders, but recent studies suggested that their combination may have an additive effect. Thus, 72 Nellore steers, 389 ± 15 kg initial body weight (BW), were confined and fed for 79 days to evaluate the combination of virginiamycin and salinomycin on performance and carcass traits. Animals were allocated to a randomized complete block design by BW, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with two concentrate levels (73 and 91 %) and two virginiamycin levels (0 and 15 mg kg-1), and salinomycin (13 mg kg-1) included in all diets. The interaction was not significant (p > 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), starch consumed, and fecal starch content were higher (p 0.05) between treatments. Starch consumed and estimated dietary net energy for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) were higher (p < 0.05) for virginiamycin-treated animals, with no substantial effects on carcass traits. The inclusion of virginiamycin in finishing diets containing salinomycin reduced DMI while maintaining ADG and improving NEm and NEg, suggesting an additive effect of virginiamycin and ionophores, but without affecting carcass quality

Influence of feeding enzymatically hydrolysed yeast cell wall + yeast culture on growth performance of calf-fed Holstein steers

One hundred and sixty-eight crossbred steers (133 ± 7 kg) were used in a 336-d experiment to evaluate the effects of enzymatically hydrolysed yeast cell wall plus yeast culture (EHY) supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments consisted of steam-flaked corn-based diet supplemented with 0, 195, 390 or 585 mg/kg EHY. Supplemental EHY enhanced overall (336-d) dry matter intake (DMI, P  .20), except for a slight lowering (0.7%, P = .04) in carcass yield. We conclude that throughout the growing-finishing period, supplemental EHY will enhance ADG, resulting in marked increases in final carcass weight. This effect is due to consistent increases in DMI, as supplementation did not affect gain efficiency or estimated dietary NE

Influencia del selenio orgánico o inorgánico en dietas sobre ladegradabilidad in situ de la material seca y cinética ruminal en ovinos

This study assessed the in situ dry matter (DM) degradability and ruminal kinetics of the solid and liquid fractions of diets with two selenium sources (inorganic and organic), using three Pelibuey lambs (45 ± 2 kg) with permanent rumen cannulae. Two treatments were used: basal diet plus inorganic selenium (IS), and basal diet plus organic selenium Sel-Plex 50? (OS). The statistical analysis used the model of two compartments and two independent rates (G4G1) with non-linear regression (PROC NLIN of SAS) and mean comparison. The results showed no differences (P>.05) for DM degradability, however the degradation parameters (a, b and a+b) were different (P<.05) in favor of IS. In contrast, the degradation rate (c) was higher for OS. The solid fraction kinetics showed differences (P<.05) in slow (k1) and fast (k2) flow rates; also there were statistical differences in fecal matter (FM) output favoring OS, but no differences (P>.05) were observed in mean retention time in slow (MRTC1) and fast (MRTC2) compartments or in total mean retention time (TMRT). The kinetics of the liquid fraction showed differences (P<.05) in all parameters in favor of OS. In conclusion, the selenium source modifies ruminal parameters, which were better for organic selenium.El presente estudio valoró la degradabilidad in situ de la material seca (MS) y cinética ruminal de las fracciones sólida y liquida de dietas con dos fuentes de selenio (inorgánico y orgánico), usando tres ovinos Pelibuey (45 ± 2 kg) con cánulas permanentes de rumen. Se usaron dos tratamientos: dieta basal mas selenio inorgánico (SI), y dieta basal mas selenio orgánico Sel-Plex 50? (SO). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el modelo de dos compartimentos y dos tasas independientes (G4G1) con regresión no lineal (PROC NLIN de SAS) y comparación de medias. Los resultados no mostraron diferencia (P>.05) para la degradabilidad de MS, sin embargo los parámetros de degradación (a, b y a+b) fueron diferentes (P<.05) en favor de SI. En contraste, la tasa de degradación (c) fue mayor para SO. La cinética de la fracción sólida mostró diferencias (P<.05) en las tasas de pasaje lenta (k1) y rápida (k2); también se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en la salida de material fecal (MF) en favor de SO, pero no se observaron diferencias (P>.05) en el tiempo medio de retención en los compartimentos lento (TMRC1) y rápido (TMRC2). La cinética de la fracción líquida mostró diferencias (P<.05) en todos los parámetros en favor de SO. En conclusión, La fuente de selenio modifica los parámetros ruminales, los cuales fueron mejores para selenio orgánico