La legalidad de las inversiones como un requisito para la protección de los tratados internacionales de inversiones (Tema Central)

Un gran número de acuerdos internacionales de inversiones (AII) contiene la formulación “inversiones realizadas de conformidad con las leyes nacionales” o una enunciación similar. En términos generales, la tendencia ha sido considerar que esta formulación hace referencia a la legalidad y a la validez de la inversión. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar en qué medida las inversiones extranjeras realizadas ilegalmente pueden beneficiarse de la protección de los AII y de su mecanismo de solución de controversias. Para ello, la primera parte identificará las posibles localizaciones de esta formulación y sus implicaciones. La segunda examinará qué sucede con las inversiones que se tornan ilegales, si la ilegalidad debe ser tratada como una objeción jurisdiccional o como una cuestión de fondo y, finalmente, si la ilegalidad es consecuencia de la violación de normas substantivas o también de meras formalidades.A large number of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) use the so-called “in accordance with host state law” clause or a similar wording. Overall, the trend has been to consider that this type of wording refers to the legality and validity of the investment. The aim of this paper is to analyze the extent to which illegal foreign investments may benefit from IIAs protection and its dispute settlement mechanisms. In order to perform this analysis, the first part of the article will identify possible locations in a treaty of this wording and its implications. The second part will consider what happens to the investments that become illegal, if the illegality of an investment shall be treated as a jurisdictional objection or as a matter of substance and, finally, if the illegality is due to the breach of substantive rules or also of mere formalities

Fintech perception of cooperation or competition with banking

Over the past few years, significant industries have modified their operation mode in the markets due to the substantial emergence of information technologies. The changes occur in the interaction with customers, production processes, or implementing strategies. The banking sector is not an exception, and this study focuses on the digital transformations of banks. This paper aims to understand how financial organizations in Portugal are changing to remain competitive while implementing information technologies. The purpose is to study a fintech, that emerged due to the digital transformation of the bank sector, and to understand its relationship with traditional banks, whether it is of cooperation or competition. This case study follows a qualitative methodology based on a semi-structured interview with the CEO of the fintech company nBanks. The fintech companies and banks can collaborate and work together to develop the financial market in Portugal. The relationship between them can be of cooperation instead of competitiveness.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Utilização do grafeno para reforço do polimetilmetacrilato utilizado em Medicina Dentária - revisão sistemática

Objectives: To produce a systematic review regarding the effect of graphene-reinforced polymethylmethacrylate used in dentistry on mechanical properties. Methods: Electronic databases (Pubmed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase) were independently searched by two researchers for relevant studies published up to December 2021. An additional manual search was performed to identify relevant publications. The population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) question was “In dentistry, does graphene-reinforced polymethylmethacrylate offer better mechanical properties than conventional polymethylmethacrylate?”. The selection of articles was carried out according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, following the PRISMA flowchart. The inter-investigator reliability was assessed by Cohen's Kappa coefficient. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-experimental Studies. Results: Six in vitro studies were included in the qualitative analysis. A total of 247 specimens were evaluated: 81 made of non-reinforced PMMA resin and 166 of PMMA reinforced with graphene. The mechanical properties evaluated were flexural strength, flexural modulus, hardness, biaxial flexural strength, and impact strength. These properties seem to improve with the addition of graphene in certain concentrations. The analysis of the risk of bias showed low risk. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, graphene seems to strengthen some mechanical properties of PMMA dental resin. However, more studies are needed to understand the ideal graphene concentration to improve resin's clinical performance.Objetivos: Realização de uma revisão sistemática para verificar a alteração do comporta mento mecânico do polimetilmetacrilato utilizado em dentária pela adição de grafeno. Métodos: Dois investigadores independentes efetuaram uma pesquisa em três bases de dados (Pubmed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase) até 31 de dezembro de 2021. Realizou-se também uma pesquisa manual para identificar publicações relevantes. A pergunta de in vestigação definida foi “Em medicina dentária, o polimetilmetacrilato reforçado com grafe no apresenta melhores propriedades mecânicas do que o polimetilmetacrilato convencio nal?”. A seleção dos artigos seguiu o fluxograma PRISMA, considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos. A concordância entre investigadores foi calculada pelo coe ficiente Kappa de Cohen. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada através da checklist do Joanna Briggs Institute para estudos quasi-experimentais. Resultados: Seis estudos in vitro foram incluídos na análise qualitativa. No total dos estudos analisados nesta revisão foram avaliados 247 provetes, 81 dos quais eram compostos por polimetilmetacrilato convencional e 166 por polimetilmetacrilato aditivado com grafeno. As propriedades mecânicas avaliadas foram: resistência à flexão, módulo de elasticidade, du reza, resistência à flexão biaxial e resistência ao impacto. Maioritariamente, estas proprie dades melhoraram com a adição de determinadas concentrações de grafeno. A análise da qualidade dos artigos demonstrou um baixo risco de viés. Conclusões: Considerando as limitações deste estudo, podemos concluir que o grafeno pa rece melhorar algumas propriedades mecânicas do polimetilmetacrilato utilizado em me dicina dentária. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para se compreender a concen tração ideal de grafeno para se obter o melhor desempenho clínico das resinas protéticasinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate as denture base material: heat-polymerized vs. 3D-printed — systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies

The synergy between dentistry and informatics has allowed the emergence of new technologies, specifically 3D printing, which has led to the development of new materials. The aim of this research was to compare the mechanical properties of dental base resins for 3D printing with conventional ones. This systematic review was developed using the PRISMA guidelines, and the electronic literature search was performed with the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science—MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, until 30 April 2022. Two researchers selected the studies independently, and thus eight articles were found eligible for analysis. A meta-analysis was developed to estimate flexural strength. The Cohen’s kappa corresponding to this review was 1.00, and the risk assessment was considered low for the included studies. The 3D printing resin presented lower values of flexural strength and hardness compared with the heat-cured resin. Regarding impact strength, a lower value was recorded for the heat-cured resin compared with the 3D printing resin. Three-dimensional printing resins are viable materials for making prosthetic bases but need further clinical research.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

As propostas de coordenação monetária internacional de Keynes: a institucionalidade ausente de uma economia monetária de produção

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Relatório de atividade e de desenvolvimento profissional

A Supervisão Pedagógica é atualmente um conceito multifuncional, pelo facto de abranger um vasto leque de funções inerentes aos cargos de chefia intermédia nas escolas. A presente reflexão crítica visa caraterizar e analisar uma das funções mais complexas atribuídas aos professores, no âmbito da avaliação do desempenho de docentes. Trata-se da função inerente ao cargo de Relator, cuja intervenção abrange a avaliação de colegas, onde se integra a Observação de Aulas – um procedimento que poderá trazer à luz alguns constrangimentos entre pares, se não houver uma preparação psicológica prévia relativamente aos papéis de avaliador e avaliado, delimitando os seus campos de atuação, quanto à implementação do dispositivo da avaliação. A abordagem reflexiva orienta-se pelos exemplos práticos vividos nos processos avaliativos correspondentes aos biénios 2007/2009 e 2009/2011, procurando apoio e fundamentação teórica junto de alguns autores que trataram este tema. A importância de se pensar numa nova cultura de escola com a implementação regular de Observação de Aulas entre pares, com o propósito formativo, à margem do peso punitivo da avaliação é também uma das tónicas dominantes deste trabalho.Pedagogical Supervision is at the present time a multifunctional concept, as long as it covers a wide range of duties associated with the posts of middle management in schools. This critical reflection aims to characterize and analyze one of the most complex functions assigned to teachers, under evaluation of the performance of teachers. This means the function inherent to the post of Reporter, whose area covers the evaluation of colleagues, which integrates the Observation of classes - a procedure that may bring to light some constraints between pairs, if there is no psychological preparation prior relation to the roles of evaluator and evaluated, delimiting their own fields, as the implementation of the device evaluation. A reflective approach guided by practical examples experienced in the evaluation processes corresponding to the biennia 2007/2009 and 2009/2011, looking for support and theoretical foundation from some authors who have treated this subject. The importance of thinking of a new school culture with the implementation of regular Observation of classes between pairs, with the purpose formative outside the punishment weight of evaluation is also a focus of this study

Responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica independentemente de seus gestores

A presente monografia se desenvolve no âmbito acadêmico jurídico do direito penal brasileira, e tem como intuito elucidar a questão da possibilidade da responsabilização penal da pessoa jurídica. Nesse sentido busca-se a melhor interpretação da norma ambiental (Lei 9.605/98) que dispõe expressamente a possibilidade de responsabilização do ente coletivo, entendimento acompanhado pela Constituição Federal de 1988

Privatização: mais um passo do capitalismo

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Solid-state fermentation of Ulva Rigida for production of cellulases, xylanases and ß-glucosidase

Seaweeds are important organisms in marine ecosystems, are included on blue biorefinery category and they are rich in different polysaccharides, that can induce enzyme production by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Ulva rigida was used as substrate in SSF to produce cellulases and xylanases and to increase its protein content. The SSF were performed with previously washed and with unwashed seaweed by Aspergillus ibericus. Xylanase and cellulase activities were higher in fermented unwashed seaweed, correspondingly 359.8±6.1 U/g dry substrate and 59.9±2.4 U/g, respectively. In fermented washed U. rigida, these values achieved 212.4±17.7 U/g and 43.6±3.7 U/g, respectively. -glucosidase activity was similar in washed seaweed (6.94±0.21 U/g) and in unwashed seaweed (6.87±0.18 U/g). After SSF, protein content of unwashed seaweed was increased by 14%. Unwashed U. rigida resulted in better enzymatic activities, being a promising option to produce these commercially-valued enzymes.Helena Fernandes was supported by PhD grant SFRH/BD/131219/2017, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). José M. Salgado was supported by grant CEB/N2020 – INV/01/2016 from Project “BIOTECNORTE - Underpinning Biotechnology to foster the north of Portugal bioeconomy” (NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000004). This study was partially supported by FCT under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145- FEDER-006684) and BioTec-Norte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte and by the project SPO3 (Development of innovative sustainable protein and omega-3 rich feedstuffs for aquafeeds, from local agro-industrial by-products reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030377 funded by FEDER-Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization and FCT.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio