Effekten av biologiska och psykosociala orsaksförklaringar till depression på prognostisk pessimism och föredragen behandling

Prognostic pessimism is the belief that mental health problems are untreatable and relatively permanent. Earlier studies suggest that biological explanations for depression, compared to psychosocial explanations, increase prognostic pessimism. Studies also suggest biological explanations for depression could lead to a preference of psychotropic drugs as a treatment method. In the current study, we examined if different explanations (biological, psychosocial and biopsychosocial) for depression influenced prognostic pessimism and preferred treatment in a Finnish sample. We investigated this conducting an online vignette-experiment with 122 Finnish, non-depressed adults aged 18 to 40 years. The vignettes were based on the Finnish national guidelines for treating depression. Contradictory to previous studies, we found no statistically significant differences in prognostic pessimism and preferred treatment depending on the explanation for depression. However, we found a statistically significant difference in how credible the participants found the explanations for depression, with the biopsychosocial explanation for depression being rated most credible. Further, it is important to take into consideration that the vignettes were relatively mildly manipulated which also may explain the lack of effect.Prognostisk pessimism är uppfattningen att psykiska störningar är relativt permanenta och inte går att bota. Tidigare forskning har visat att biologiska orsaksförklaringar till depression framkallar mera prognostisk pessimism än psykosociala orsaksförklaringar. Vidare har forskning visat att biologiska orsaksförklaringar till depression kunde leda till en preferens för psykofarmaka som behandlingsmetod. I den här studien undersöktes om olika orsaksförklaringar (biologiska, psykosociala och biopsykosociala) till depression påverkar prognostisk pessimism och föredragen behandling i ett finskt sampel. Studien utfördes som ett vinjettexperiment online och nätenkäten besvarades av sammanlagt 122 finska, icke- deprimerade vuxna i åldern 18 till 40 år. Vinjetterna var baserade på de finska nationella riktlinjerna för vård av depression. I kontrast till tidigare forskningsfynd fanns det inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader i prognostisk pessimism och föredragen behandling beroende på orsaksförklaring till depression. Däremot fanns det en statistiskt signifikant skillnad i hur trovärdiga de olika orsaksförklaringar till depression uppfattades av deltagarna. Den biopsykosociala orsaksförklaringen till depression upplevdes mest trovärdig. Utöver skillnader i vinjetternas trovärdighet bör det även beaktas att vinjetterna var relativt svagt manipulerade vilket eventuellt kunde förklara avsaknaden av effekt

Teleworking or not teleworking? : A quantitative study about white-collar workers experience of the psychosocial work environment when teleworking due to Covid-19 pandemic

Covid-19 pandemins konsekvenser har varit många och i början av 2020 gick Folkhälsomyndigheten ut med rekommendationen att alla som kan ska arbeta hemifrån för att minska smittspridningen (Folkhälsomyndigheten 2021). Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka om den psykosociala arbetsmiljön kopplat till krav, kontroll och socialt stöd har förändrats för kontorsanställda i Sverige till följd av påtvingat distansarbete under Covid-19-pandemin och ifall dessa faktorer påverkat deras vilja att fortsätta arbeta hemifrån.  Den teoretiska referensramen beskriver inledningsvis vad arbetsmiljö och psykosocial arbetsmiljö innebär innan distansarbete och dess fördelar samt nackdelar presenteras närmare.  Studien baseras på tre teorier och modeller som på många sätt kan förklaras och förstås på liknande sätt utifrån olika definitioner och infallsvinklar. Vi har använt oss av en kvantitativ metod och en webbaserad enkät skickades ut via sociala medier som gav oss 108 svar. En analys gjordes med hjälp av korstabeller där bivariata samband mellan krav, kontroll och socialt stöd och individens vilja att fortsätta arbeta hemifrån analyserades.  Studien visade att den psykosociala arbetsmiljön kopplat till krav, kontroll och socialt stöd har förändrats mer eller mindre under Covid-19-pandemin. De flesta upplevde förbättringar när det gäller krav och blandade erfarenheter angående kontroll men det sociala stödet har blivit sämre enligt majoriteten av respondenterna. Studien visade att dessa faktorer påverkar kontorsanställdas vilja att fortsätta arbeta hemifrån till en viss del. Oavsett hur upplevelsen var vill de flesta fortsätta arbeta hemifrån på deltid i framtiden.The purpose of this study was to investigate if the psychosocial work environment regarding demand, control and social support has changed for the white-collar workers as a result of forced teleworking during the Covid-19 pandemic and if these factors affect the white-collar workers willingness to continue teleworking. A quantitative method was used and a questionnaire was sent out through social media which gave us 108 answers. An analysis was performed with the help of cross-tabulations where bivariate connections between requirements, control and social support and the individual's willingness to continue working from home were analyzed. The study showed that the psychosocial work environment regarding demand, control and social support has changed more or less during the Covid-19 pandemic. Most of the white-collar workers experienced improvement when it comes to demands and mixed experiences about control but the social support has gotten worse according to the majority of the white-collar workers. The study showed that these factors are affecting the white-collar workers' willingness to continue teleworking. No matter how the experience was, most of the white-collar workers still wish to continue teleworking in the future.

Teleworking or not teleworking? : A quantitative study about white-collar workers experience of the psychosocial work environment when teleworking due to Covid-19 pandemic

Covid-19 pandemins konsekvenser har varit många och i början av 2020 gick Folkhälsomyndigheten ut med rekommendationen att alla som kan ska arbeta hemifrån för att minska smittspridningen (Folkhälsomyndigheten 2021). Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka om den psykosociala arbetsmiljön kopplat till krav, kontroll och socialt stöd har förändrats för kontorsanställda i Sverige till följd av påtvingat distansarbete under Covid-19-pandemin och ifall dessa faktorer påverkat deras vilja att fortsätta arbeta hemifrån.  Den teoretiska referensramen beskriver inledningsvis vad arbetsmiljö och psykosocial arbetsmiljö innebär innan distansarbete och dess fördelar samt nackdelar presenteras närmare.  Studien baseras på tre teorier och modeller som på många sätt kan förklaras och förstås på liknande sätt utifrån olika definitioner och infallsvinklar. Vi har använt oss av en kvantitativ metod och en webbaserad enkät skickades ut via sociala medier som gav oss 108 svar. En analys gjordes med hjälp av korstabeller där bivariata samband mellan krav, kontroll och socialt stöd och individens vilja att fortsätta arbeta hemifrån analyserades.  Studien visade att den psykosociala arbetsmiljön kopplat till krav, kontroll och socialt stöd har förändrats mer eller mindre under Covid-19-pandemin. De flesta upplevde förbättringar när det gäller krav och blandade erfarenheter angående kontroll men det sociala stödet har blivit sämre enligt majoriteten av respondenterna. Studien visade att dessa faktorer påverkar kontorsanställdas vilja att fortsätta arbeta hemifrån till en viss del. Oavsett hur upplevelsen var vill de flesta fortsätta arbeta hemifrån på deltid i framtiden.The purpose of this study was to investigate if the psychosocial work environment regarding demand, control and social support has changed for the white-collar workers as a result of forced teleworking during the Covid-19 pandemic and if these factors affect the white-collar workers willingness to continue teleworking. A quantitative method was used and a questionnaire was sent out through social media which gave us 108 answers. An analysis was performed with the help of cross-tabulations where bivariate connections between requirements, control and social support and the individual's willingness to continue working from home were analyzed. The study showed that the psychosocial work environment regarding demand, control and social support has changed more or less during the Covid-19 pandemic. Most of the white-collar workers experienced improvement when it comes to demands and mixed experiences about control but the social support has gotten worse according to the majority of the white-collar workers. The study showed that these factors are affecting the white-collar workers' willingness to continue teleworking. No matter how the experience was, most of the white-collar workers still wish to continue teleworking in the future.

Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures

National audienceWhen interacting with infants, humans often alter their speech and song in ways thought to support communication. Theories of human child-rearing, informed by data on vocal signalling across species, predict that such alterations should appear globally. Here, we show acoustic differences between infant-directed and adult-directed vocalizations across cultures. We collected 1,615 recordings of infant- and adult-directed speech and song produced by 410 people in 21 urban, rural and small-scale societies. Infant-directedness was reliably classified from acoustic features only, with acoustic profiles of infant-directedness differing across language and music but in consistent fashions. We then studied listener sensitivity to these acoustic features. We played the recordings to 51,065 people from 187 countries, recruited via an English-language website, who guessed whether each vocalization was infant-directed. Their intuitions were more accurate than chance, predictable in part by common sets of acoustic features and robust to the effects of linguistic relatedness between vocalizer and listener. These findings inform hypotheses of the psychological functions and evolution of human communication

Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures

When interacting with infants, humans often alter their speech and song in ways thought to support communication. Theories of human child-rearing, informed by data on vocal signalling across species, predict that such alterations should appear globally. Here, we show acoustic differences between infant-directed and adult-directed vocalizations across cultures. We collected 1,615 recordings of infant- and adult-directed speech and song produced by 410 people in 21 urban, rural and small-scale societies. Infant-directedness was reliably classified from acoustic features only, with acoustic profiles of infant-directedness differing across language and music but in consistent fashions. We then studied listener sensitivity to these acoustic features. We played the recordings to 51,065 people from 187 countries, recruited via an English-language website, who guessed whether each vocalization was infant-directed. Their intuitions were more accurate than chance, predictable in part by common sets of acoustic features and robust to the effects of linguistic relatedness between vocalizer and listener. These findings inform hypotheses of the psychological functions and evolution of human communication

Acoustic regularities in infant-directed speech and song across cultures.

When interacting with infants, humans often alter their speech and song in ways thought to support communication. Theories of human child-rearing, informed by data on vocal signalling across species, predict that such alterations should appear globally. Here, we show acoustic differences between infant-directed and adult-directed vocalizations across cultures. We collected 1,615 recordings of infant- and adult-directed speech and song produced by 410 people in 21 urban, rural and small-scale societies. Infant-directedness was reliably classified from acoustic features only, with acoustic profiles of infant-directedness differing across language and music but in consistent fashions. We then studied listener sensitivity to these acoustic features. We played the recordings to 51,065 people from 187 countries, recruited via an English-language website, who guessed whether each vocalization was infant-directed. Their intuitions were more accurate than chance, predictable in part by common sets of acoustic features and robust to the effects of linguistic relatedness between vocalizer and listener. These findings inform hypotheses of the psychological functions and evolution of human communication