Manâfidu al-Muharramât ilâ Muntijâti al-Halâl: “Dirâsah Tahlîliyah fî Dhaw’i Ma’âyir Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islâmî al-Dawlî wa al-Ma’âyir al-Mâlayziah”

This paper examines the changing process of unlawful (haram) materials into a lawful (halal) product according to both International Islamic Fiqh Academy standard and Malaysian standard. To harmonize those two halal standards on certain products, the subdiscipline of fiqh which determines lawful product standardization has put some fundamental sharia laws to clearly distinguish between halal and haram. The changing process is based on so called istihalah, referring to the merge among halal and haram and istihlak or possibility to take rukhshah (legal relief) and easiness to cope with any difficult condition using darurat (emergency causes) and umum al-balwa (common disaster). However, critical points of the standardization method need to well described, mainly on its composition based on shariah rules of halal product. The discussion covers difference opinions on the sharia law to the weak political policy on the Islamic law arrangement for halal product standardization that it is recommended to consider clear and more careful concepts (instead of istihalah, istihlak, darurat and umum al-balwa) in formulating the law

Simplified Irregular Beam Analysis and Design

This paper presents simple method to estimate the strength design of reinforced concrete beam sections based on structural safety and reliability. Irregular beam shaped sections are commonly used nowadays in the construction industry. This study reveals the simplified method to analyze and design the different irregular shaped beam sections. In this study, the selected irregular beam shaped sections are divided mainly into three groups, beams with straight edges, beams with sloped edges and circular beams. Each group contains the most commonly used beam shaped sections in that category. Six beams sections (B-1 to B-6) are selected for group-1 whereas five beam sections (B-7 to B-11) and a circular beam section (B-12) are chosen for group 2 and 3 respectively. Flexural beam formulas for three groups of reinforced concrete beams are derived based on section geometry and ACI building code of design. This study also analyzed numerical examples for some of the sections in each group category using the proposed simplified method to determine the strength design of the irregular beams. The results obtained using simplified method for all of the three groups are compared with the finite element software (SAP v2000). The percentage difference of simplified method with the finite element software ranges within 5% to 10%. This makes the simplified method for irregular shaped beam sections quite promising

Driving Factors of Urban Expansion in Peri-Urban Areas of Greater Cairo Region

Since the early 1980s, the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Region (GCMR) has witnessed a rapid urban expansion that has been mainly concentrated in the peri-urban areas (PUAs). Most of this expansion was against urban planning laws and has presented a critical challenge to the urban environment. It has also led to spatial fragmentation and loss of enormous agriculture lands. This research analyses the urban expansion in the PUAs of the GCMR, during the period (2001-2017) using GIS and remote sensing. In addition to presenting a set of driving factors of this expansion, which were extracted from the literature review and previous studies. The results of this research show that the urban expansion rate during the mentioned period reached to 461 hectares per year. Moreover, the population growth and accessibility were the most significant driving factors in the PUA of the GCR

Phytochemical Profiling of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Genotypes Using GC-MS Analysis

Twenty-four soybean genotypes collected from different regions and origin were evaluated for their quality performance to explore their nutritional and medicinal values. The proximate compositions showed considerable variations among soybean genotypes. The USA genotypes recorded the highest values for protein (43.1 g/100 g), total fat (23.61 g/100 g), phenolic content and flavonoids (1.77 and 2.13 mg/g). Using GC-MS analyses of methanolic extracts, a total of 88 compounds were identified in the genotypes and were classified to: 19 heterocyclic compounds, 13 compounds for ketones and esters, 9 for phenolic compound, 7 compounds for carboxylic acids and sugar moiety, 5 compounds for aldehydes and alcohols, 4 ether compounds, 3 amide, 2 alkanes and one alkene and one fatty acid ester. Indonesian genotypes recorded the highest number of phenolic and the Australian genotype A-1 had the maximum number of esters. Genotypes showed high levels of proximate compositions and pharmaceutical components, offering potential candidates for improving those traits in adapted genotypes through breeding program, as well as serving as a good source of mass production of pharmaceutical and medicinal components either through classical or in vitro production. Furthermore, platform was set for isolating and understanding the characteristics of each compound for it pharmacological properties

VIRTUAL BURSTING TEST ELBOW 16” LR 90° DENGAN METODE ELEMEN HINGGA MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE ANSYS WORKBENCH

Perpipaan adalah suatu sistem penyaluran media produksi yaitu mendistribusikan fluida cair maupun gas. Perpipaan bekerja pada tekanan tertentu sehingga menimbulkan tegangan di bagian dindingnya. Analisis tegangan dapat dilakukan dengan bursting test sesuai standar pada ASME B16.9 Factory-Made Wrougth Buttwelding Fitting. Pengujian ini banyak membutuhkan biaya karena bersifat merusak material uji. Untuk meminimalisir biaya yang diperlukan pada bursting test, dilakukan pengujian virtual menggunakan software ANSYS Workbench. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan pemodelan struktur elbow Long Radius 90° ukuran 16" material ASTM A234 WPB dengan Computer Aided Design menggunakan software Autodesk Inventor Professional dan simulasi model menggunakan software Metode Elemen Hingga yaitu ANSYS Workbench untuk bursting test apakah sesuai dengan kriteria standar ASME B16.9. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tegangan maksimum yang terjadi pada elbow dengan pembebanan tekanan (required proof test pressure) 321,75 Bar adalah sebesar 432,88 MPa. Tegangan tersebut berada di bawah tensile ultimate strength material ASTM A234 WPB (468 MPa), sehingga dinyatakan dapat diterima (satisfactory) dan lulus uji sesuai standar ASME B16.9. Tekanan maksimum yang menyebabkan elbow pecah adalah 347,86 Bar. Penggunaan elbow harus di bawah tekanan tersebut. Dari hasil-hasil tersebut virtual bursting test elbow dapat diterima sesuai standar dan bursting test bisa dilakukan tanpa harus merusak material uji yang membutukan banyak biaya

الحلال والطيب: دراسة تأصيلية في المعنى والمبنى لتقويم مضامين دراسات الحلال

دأبت الدراسات المعنيى بالحلال في المنتجات على التميز بين لفظي الحلال والطيب بحيث تطلق لفظ الحلال على القواعد الشرعية للمحرمات التي يتوقف عندها مفهوم الحلال. في حين تطلق الطيب على الجوانب المتعلقة بنظم النظافة والسلامة وجدة المنتجات، إر أن الرجوع إلى المعاني الأساسية للحلال والطيب في مهدها يتبين أن هذه المفاهيم تحتوي على مضامين أخرى ذات قيمة علمية في مفهوم الحلال ، أغفلتها دراسات الحلال واستعاضت عنها بمضامين مستعارة تجد أساسها في علوم أخرى تأتي مكملة للقيم الأساسية لمفومي الحلال والطيب، وهو ما دعى الباحث للتأصيل لهذا الخل لخلق منهجية واضحة تستند بالدرجة الأولى إلى المضامين الأساسية لمفهومي الحلال والطيب ثم تكملها بكافة العلوم الأخرى التي تتصل بها

No detection of TSH or TSHR in oral lichen planus lesions in patients with or without hypothyroidism

Objective: An association between hypothyroidism (HT) and oral lichen planus (OLP) has been reported. However, the mechanisms that could explain this association remain unresolved. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) in healthy oral mucosa and in OLP lesions of individuals with and without HT. Material and methods: Immunohistochemical expression of TSH and TSHR was studied in oral mucosal biopsies obtained from 14 OLP patients with HT, 14 OLP patients without HT and 10 healthy controls without oral mucosal lesions. Gene expression of TSHR was investigated by using three different PCR techniques in oral mucosal samples from 7 OLP patients with HT, 3 OLP patients without HT, 9 healthy controls and in cultured human oral epithelial cells. Gene expression of TSH was examined by employing 2 PCR techniques in oral mucosal samples from 2 OLP patients with HT, 2 OLP patients without HT and 4 healthy controls. Results: TSH and TSHR stainings were negative in the studied oral mucosal specimens. Gene quantification assays demonstrated negative gene expression of TSH and TSHR in clinical and in vitro samples. Conclusions: These results suggest that TSH and TSHR may not be commonly involved in the pathogenetic mechanism that could explain the association between OLP and hypothyroidism.Peer reviewe

Influence de l hypoxie sur la susceptibilité des cellules tumorales à la lyse induite par les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques

L hypoxie est une caractéristique commune des tumeurs solides et l une des spécificités du micro environnement tumoral. L hypoxie tumorale joue un rôle important dans l angio génèse, la progression maligne, le développement de métastases, la chimio/radio-résistance et favorise l échappement au système immunitaire du fait de l émergence de variant tumoraux avec un potentiel de survie et de résistance à l apoptose augmenté. Cependant, très peu de travaux ont étudié l impact de l hypoxie tumorale sur la régulation de la susceptibilité des tumeurs à la lyse induite par la réponse immune cytotoxique. Nous nous sommes donc demandé si l hypoxie pouvait conférer aux tumeurs une résistance à la lyse induite par les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques (CTL). Nous avons démontré que l exposition de cellules cibles tumorales à l hypoxie possédait un effet inhibiteur sur la lyse de ces cellules tumorales par des CTL autologues. Cette inhibition n est pas associée à des altérations de la réactivité de CTL ou de la reconnaissance des cellules cibles. Cependant, nous avons montré que l induction hypoxique concomitante de la phosphorylation de STAT3 (pSTAT3) au niveau de la tyrosine 705 et du facteur HIF-1a (Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 alpha) est liée fonctionnellement à l altération de la susceptibilité de cellules tumorales bronchiques non à petites cellules (NSCLC) à la mort induite par les CTL. Nous avons aussi montré que la résistance de cellules tumorales bronchiques à la lyse CTL induite par l hypoxie était associée à une induction d autophagie dans les cellules cibles. En effet, l inhibition de l autophagie empêche la phosphorylation de STAT3 (via l inhibition de la kinase Src) et restaure la susceptibilité des cellules tumorales hypoxiques à la lyse induite par les CTL. De plus, l inhibition in vivo de l autophagie par l hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dans le modèle murin portant la tumeur B16F10 and chez les souris vaccinée avec le peptide TRP2 augmente de façon drastique l inhibition de la croissance tumorale. Collectivement, cette étude établit un nouveau lien fonctionnel entre l autophagie induite par l hypoxie et la régulation de la lyse induite par les cellules T spécifique d antigènes et souligne le rôle majeur de l autophagie dans le contrôle de la croissance tumorale in vivo.Finalement, étant donné que le la résistance tumorale à la lyse induite par les cellules tueuses est très probablement régulée par de multiples facteurs, nous avons aussi eu pour but d identifier les micro-ARNs (miRs) régulés par l hypoxie dans des modèles de NSCLC et de mélanome et leur implication putative dans la régulation de la susceptibilité tumorale à la lyse induite par les cellules T spécifique d antigènes. Le micro-ARN 210 (miR-210) est ainsi significativement induit de manière dépendante de HIF-1a dans des cellules de NSCLC et de mélanome, et miR-210 est exprimé dans les zones hypoxiques de tissus issus de NSCLC. De plus, nous avons démontré que l induction de miR-210 par l hypoxie régule la susceptibilité tumorale à la lyse induite par les CTL en partie grâce à l inhibition de l expression de PTPN, HOXA1 et TP53I11, indiquant que miR-210 joue un rôle potentiel dans la régulation de la réponse immune antitumorale.Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and one of the hallmarks of tumor microenvironment. Tumor hypoxia plays an important role in angiogenesis, malignant progression, metastatic development, chemo-radio resistance and favours immune evasion by the emergence of tumor variants with increased survival and anti-apoptotic potential. There is very little work done on the impact of tumor hypoxia on the regulation of tumor susceptibility to the lysis induced by cytotoxic antitumor response. Therefore, we asked whether hypoxia confers tumor resistance to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing. We demonstrated that exposure of target cells to hypoxia has an inhibitory effect on the CTL-mediated autologous target cell lysis. Such inhibition was not associated with an alteration of CTL reactivity and tumor target recognition. We also showed that the concomitant hypoxic induction of Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation on tyrosine 705 residue (pSTAT3) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1a) is functionally linked to the alteration of Non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) target susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing. We also showed that hypoxia-induced resistance of lung tumor to CTL-mediated lysis was associated with autophagy induction in target cells. Inhibition of autophagy resulted in impairment of pSTAT3 (via inhibition Src kinase) and restoration of hypoxic tumor cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated lysis. Moreover, in vivo inhibition of autophagy by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in B16F10 tumor bearing mice and mice vaccinated with TRP2 peptide dramatically increased tumor growth inhibition. Collectively, the current study establishes a novel functional link between hypoxia-induced autophagy and the regulation of antigen specific T cell lysis and points to a major role of autophagy in the control of in vivo tumor growth.Finally, as resistance of tumor targets to killer cells is likely to be regulated by multiple factors, we further aimed to identify the microRNA s regulated by hypoxia in NSCLC and melanoma and their putative involvement in the regulation of tumor susceptibility to antigen-specific CTL-mediated killing. MicroRNA-210 (miR-210) was significantly induced in a HIF-1a dependent manner in NSCLC and melanoma cells and miR-210 was expressed in hypoxic zones of human NSCLC tissues. Moreover, we demonstrated that hypoxia-induced miR-210 regulates tumor cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated lysis in part by suppressing PTPN, HOXA1 and TP53I11 expression indicating that miR-210 plays a potential role in the regulation of anti-tumor immune response.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

The relationship between halal and technology, an approach to consider Halal techniques in the robot revolution and artificial intelligence (in Arabic) العلاقة بين الحلال والتكنولوجيا ، مقاربة لإعتبار تقنيات الحلال في ثورة الروبوت والذكاء الاصطناعي

The relationship between technology and Halal has existed since the Halal concept linked with the industry and the production by the halal products. This marriage increasing dramatically with the technological developments, especially through robotics and artificial intelligence, which led the researcher to highlight this relationship and employing it supporting the Halal sector. To strengthen this relationship the researcher has back to the beginning of it that was in the auto slaughtering and has shown the gap that made by the technology and its effect on halal standards, which was due to the unconsidered the principles of halal in the technology which has made already in the auto slaughtering, that led the researcher to discover the relationship's features between robot development and halal techniques, and supports this relationship to guarantee the Islāmic principle in halal products and be away from the Islāmic justification to the technology

Alternative Use of Space as A Self-Organizing Solution by Local Society to Meet Shortage of Living Spaces in The Informal Settlements of Egypt

This research seeks to identify the land use dynamic phenomenon in the unplanned settlements in Greater Cairo Metropolitan region (GMCR) which embodied in the alternative use of space (AUS). This phenomenon represents the way for the poor communities to meet their needs of space for living, working, and entertainment purposes for free or for low costs. It is considered the first research which included clarification for this phenomenon although the main role of AUS to meet the poor communities needs of lands in GCMR. By field survey and direct interviews with users and surrounding residents we have identified AUS types, times of use and Frequency for each type in addition to impacts of it on the prices of essential needs. Based on the goals of urban sustainability we have identified positive and negative aspects of AUS on our case study district. AUS provide lands for various needs of essential activities in free or low-cost rent which reduced the price of essential needs to 13 times for some item’s comparison with the nearest planned district. AUS reduce living expenses and help low-income families and offer cheap choices of housing, goods, transportations, essential services, entertainments, in addition to work opportunities. We can consider the AUS as a tool for achieving sustainable development in the poor communities by efficient use of resources and providing job opportunities within the community