Optimal design of water distribution systems based on entropy and topology

A new multi-objective evolutionary optimization approach for joint topology and pipe size design of water distribution systems is presented. The algorithm proposed considers simultaneously the adequacy of flow and pressure at the demand nodes; the initial construction cost; the network topology; and a measure of hydraulic capacity reliability. The optimization procedure is based on a general measure of hydraulic performance that combines statistical entropy, network connectivity and hydraulic feasibility. The topological properties of the solutions are accounted for and arbitrary assumptions regarding the quality of infeasible solutions are not applied. In other words, both feasible and infeasible solutions participate in the evolutionary processes; solutions survive and reproduce or perish strictly according to their Pareto-optimality. Removing artificial barriers in this way frees the algorithm to evolve optimal solutions quickly. Furthermore, any redundant binary codes that result from crossover or mutation are eliminated gradually in a seamless and generic way that avoids the arbitrary loss of potentially useful genetic material and preserves the quality of the information that is transmitted from one generation to the next. The approach proposed is entirely generic: we have not introduced any additional parameters that require calibration on a case-by-case basis. Detailed and extensive results for two test problems are included that suggest the approach is highly effective. In general, the frontier-optimal solutions achieved include topologies that are fully branched, partially- and fully-looped and, for networks with multiple sources, completely separate sub-networks

Semi-fluid: A Content Distribution Model For Faster Dissemination Of Data

Tesis ini mencadangkan serta melaksanakan suatu model agihan kandungan bagi mengurangkan atau meminimumkan kelengahan penyaluran data sebaya. Buat masa ini, agihan kandungan dalam rangkaian tindihan-atas adalah berdasarkan dua model berikut: model Kelulan dan model Bendalir. This thesis proposes and implements a novel content distribution model for reducing or minimizing delay in data dissemination

Green synthesis, characterization and laser irradiation of silver nanoparticles and its bimetallic nanoparticles

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles offered an alternative and eco-friendly method for fabricating nanoparticles compared to chemical and physical methods. The current study aimed to manipulate silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized in Murraya koenigii leaf extract to fabricate nanostructure by using diode laser irradiation. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Gre-Ag NPs) used as reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize silver/copper nanoparticles (Ag/Cu NPs). The Ag NPs was synthesized by mixing Silver nitrate solution (AgNO3) (1, 3 and 5 mM) with M. koenigii leaf extract at room temperature and left for two days. In contrast, Ag/Cu NPs were synthesized by mixing Cu solution (1, 3, 5 and 7 mM) with Gre-Ag NPs at room temperature and left for 10 mins. Moreover, the silver nanostructures (Ag NSs) was fabricated by manipulating Gre-Ag NPs with diode laser 450 nm at different times. The Gre-Ag NPs, Ag/Cu NPs and Ag NSs were characterized by advanced analysis Ultra-Violent Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). UV-Vis analysis showed peaks ranging from (426 to 441 nm) indicating AgNPs formation, as well as the absorbance at 512 nm to indicate the formation of Ag/CuNPs, in addition to a decrease in the absorbance when converting the silver nanoparticles into nanostructures. As for the FTIR, the results showed absorbing peaks for both M. konigii extract and AgNPs to indicate that the amino and carboxylic groups are responsible for the formation of AgNPs. The results of FESEM revealed that the Gre-Ag NPs have a spherical shape with diameter parameters between 10 and 80 nm, and XRD appeared that the Gre-Ag NPs have crystalline properties. The silver nanoparticles after being manipulated by diode laser irradiation for different exposure times are deformed into nanostructures as nano prisms, nanocone and nanohexagon examined by FESEM. Preparing metallic nanoparticles using the green method and manipulating them by diode laser irradiation is a simple and easy way to obtain different nanostructures

Reliability assessment of water distribution systems with statistical entropy and other surrogate measures

There is ever increasing commercial and regulatory pressure to minimise the cost of water distribution networks even as the demand for them keeps on growing. But cost minimizing is only one of the demands placed on network design. Satisfactory networks are required to operate above a minimum level even if they experience failure of components. Reliable hydraulic performance can be achieved if sufficient redundancy is built in the network. This has given rise to various water distribution system optimization methods including genetic algorithms and other evolutionary computing methods. Evolutionary computing approaches frequently assess the suitability of enormous numbers of potential solutions for which the calculation of accurate reliability measures could be computationally prohibitive. Therefore, surrogate reliability measures are frequently used to ease the computational burden. The aim of this paper is to assess the correlation of surrogate reliability measures in relation to more accurate measures. The surrogate measures studied are statistical entropy, network resilience, resilience index and modified resilience index. The networks were simulated with the prototype software PRAAWDS that produces more realistic results for pressure-deficient water distribution systems. Statistical entropy outperformed resilience index in this study. The results also demonstrate there is a strong correlation between entropy and failure tolerance

A Study of Himreen Reservoir Water Quality Using in Situ Measurement and Remote Sensing Techniques

The use of remote sensing and GIS in water monitoring and management has been long recognized. This paper is an  application of remote sensing technique and in situ measurement for monitoring water quality parameters of Himreen Dam reservoir water. Himreen dam  constructed in 1980 lies in Diyala governorate east part of  IRAQ  is used mainly for Control Diyala river flood and  power generation. The output results shows that high correlation found between reflectance values were extracted from landsat TM 1989 and ETM+ 2002 images with water depth and its turbidity and there is no sources of thermal pollution in water. Generally, Himreen reservoir water can be classified according to the  standard Specification (US Standards) as good  medium salt water. Keywords: Remote sensing, Water quality, Himreen reservoir, Landsat  TM and ETM+ images

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES FOR URBAN GROWTH MONITORING OF BASARAH CITY

Basarah city has experienced a rapid urban expansion over the last decades dueto accelerated economic growth. This paper reports an investigation into the application ofthe integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) for detectingurban built up growth for the period 1973 - 2002, and evaluate its impact on theenvironmental situation of Basarah city by analyzing the spatial distribution of urbanexpansion according to land cover types and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI). The integration of remote sensing and GIS was found to be effective inmonitoring and analyzing urban growth patterns and in evaluating urbanization impact onsurface conditions of Baghdad area

Temporal Change Detection of AL- Hammar Marsh a IRAQ Using Remote Sensing Techniques

The Mesopotamian marshlands the largest wetland in the Middle East and one of the most outstanding in the world have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming The cause of the decline is mainly as a result of damming upstream as well as drainage schemes since the 1970s The Tigris and the Euphrates are amongst the most intensively dammed rivers in the world In the past 40 years tThe Mesopotamian marshlands the largest wetland in the Middle East and one of the most outstanding in the world have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming The cause of the decline is mainly as a result of damming upstream as well as drainage schemes since the 1970s The Tigris and the Euphrates are amongst the most intensively dammed rivers in the world In the past 40 years the two rivers have been fragmented by the construction of more than 30 large dams whose storage capacity is several times greater than the volume of both rivers The immediate cause of marshland loss however has been the massive drainage works implemented in southern Iraq in the early 1990s following the second Gulf War Satellite images provide hard evidence that the once extensive marshlands have dried-up and regressed into desert with vast stretches salt encrusted Recent satellite imagery shows only limited areas of the marshlands have been reclaimed he two rivers have been fragmented by the construction of more than 30 large dams whose storage capacity is several times greater than the volume of both rivers The immediate cause of marshland loss however has been the massive drainage works implemented in southern Iraq in the early 1990s following the second Gulf War Satellite images provide hard evidence that the once extensive marshlands have dried-up and regressed into desert with vast stretches salt encrusted Recent satellite imagery shows only limited areas of the marshlands have been reclaime

Coupled topology and pipe size optimization of water distribution systems

This paper describes a new multi-objective evolutionary optimization approach to the simultaneous layout and pipe size design of water distribution systems. Pressure-deficient and topologically infeasible solutions are fully incorporated in the genetic algorithm without recourse to constraint violation penalties or tournaments. The proposed approach is demonstrated by solving three benchmark problems taken from the literature. New optimal layouts and/or new feasible solutions that are cheaper than the best solutions in the literature were found for both branched and looped network configurations. Specifically, a new best solution was generated for each of the above-mentioned benchmark problems. In addition, the case of the looped design of a hitherto branched network in the literature was considered. Detailed results are included that show that the proposed approach achieves good solutions efficiently and consistently