Fármacos y suplementos nutricionales para llevar en el botiquín del alpinista

Cada vez son más los individuos que acuden a montañas de gran altitud, con el riesgo que esta práctica entraña. Por tanto, es de gran importancia conocer los peligros y déficits que esta práctica puede conllevar, con el fin de evitarlos o poderlos tratar. Es por ello que la preparación del botiquín, tanto con fines preventivos como paliativos o curativos tiene una gran transcendencia. Entre los suplementos nutricionales más importantes que debemos llevar están los multivitamínicos minerales, y entre los fármacos destacan aquellos para tratar y prevenir el mal agudo de montaña, destacando acetazolamida

Metabolic Effects of Oral Phenelzine Treatment on High-Sucrose-Drinking Mice

Phenelzine has been suggested to have an antiobesity effect by inhibiting de novo lipogenesis, which led us to investigate the metabolic effects of oral chronic phenelzine treatment in high-sucrose-drinking mice. Sucrose-drinking mice presented higher body weight gain and adiposity versus controls. Phenelzine addition did not decrease such parameters, even though fat pad lipid content and weights were not different from controls. In visceral adipocytes, phenelzine did not impair insulin-stimulated de novo lipogenesis and had no effect on lipolysis. However, phenelzine reduced the mRNA levels of glucose transporters 1 and 4 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and altered circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol. Interestingly, glycemia was restored in phenelzine-treated mice, which also had higher insulinaemia. Phenelzine-treated mice presented higher rectal temperature, which was associated to reduced mRNA levels of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, unlike sucrose-drinking mice, hepatic malondialdehyde levels were not altered. In conclusion, although de novo lipogenesis was not inhibited by phenelzine, the data suggest that the ability to re-esterify FFA is impaired in iWAT. Moreover, the effects on glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress suggest that phenelzine could alleviate obesity-related alterations and deserves further investigation in obesity models.This study was partly supported by the DIOMED project (INTERREG IVB SUDOE 1/P1/E178)

Effect of Microalgae and Macroalgae Extracts on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The present review aims to gather scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of microalgae and macroalgae extracts on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The described data show that both microalgae and macroalgae improved this alteration. The majority of the reported studies analysed the preventive effects because algae were administered to animals concurrent with the diet that induced NAFLD. The positive effects were demonstrated using a wide range of doses, from 7.5 to 300 mg/kg body weight/day or from 1 to 10% in the diet, and experimental periods ranged from 3 to 16 weeks. Two important limitations on the scientific knowledge available to date are that very few studies have researched the mechanisms of action underlying the preventive effects of microalgae on NAFLD and that, for the majority of the algae studied, a single paper has been reported. For these reasons, it is not possible to establish the best conditions in order to know the beneficial effects that these algae could bring. In this scenario, further studies are needed. Moreover, the beneficial effects of algae observed in rodent need to be confirmed in humans before we can start considering these products as new tools in the fight against fatty liver disease.This study was funded by University of the Basque Country (grant: GIU18-173) and Carlos III Research Institute (CIBERobn) (grant CB12/03/30007)

Muscle fatigue in athletes: physical, nutritional and pharmacological methods for improving recovery

Antecedentes: Una rápida recuperación en los deportistas es un aspecto fundamental para continuar entrenando a intensidades elevadas y seguir progresando más, especialmente en deportes en los que se compite todos los días. Los ejercicios excéntricos producen rupturas de miofibrillas musculares, sobre todo si se llevan a cabo de forma intensa y no habitual provocando daño muscular. Este daño muscular produce una fatiga muscular que limita el rendimiento muscular, disminuyendo la fuerza, el pico de potencia, o la velocidad. Por ello, es importante conocer de qué medios de recuperación muscular disponen los deportistas. Objetivo: Conocer las causas y consecuencias de la fatiga muscular y hacer una revisión sobre las ayudas ergogénicas: físicas, nutricionales y farmacológicas que existen para una rápida y mejor recuperación muscular y orgánica y poder conocer las más eficaces de una manera integral en la práctica deportiva. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica en distintas bases de datos tanto en lengua castellana como inglesa, siguiendo 4 estrategias específicas, tratando de ofrecer un estado de conocimiento actual sobre las diferentes estrategias de recuperación post-ejercicio. Resultados: Ciertos deportes, como los de equipo o los que tienen un gran componente excéntrico que conllevan una mayor destrucción muscular, requieren una intervención especial para recuperar los microtraumatismos que se producen durante su práctica (entrenamientos y competición). Hay diferentes formas de mejorar la recuperación, como métodos físicos (masaje deportivo, electroestimulación, contrastes de agua), estrategias nutricionales (hidratación e ingesta de hidratos de carbonos y proteínas), ergonutricionales (aminoácidos ramificados, glutamina, β-hdroximetil butirato, creatina) y farmacológicas (antiinflamatorios, analgésicos, inmunomoduladores farmacológicos). Estas estrategias pueden ser básicas para conseguir una recuperación integral del deportista.Background: It is fundamental in athletes a rapid recovery, it is a really important aspect to continue training at high intensities and also to continue progressing, especially in sports when you compete every day. Eccentric exercises produce muscular myofibril ruptures, especially at high intensities, causing muscle damage. This damage produces muscular fatigue that limits its performance, decreasing the force, the peak power or/and the speed. For that reason, it is important to know the methods to recover from muscle fatigue. Aims: To know the causes and consequences of muscular fatigue and to review the ergogenic aids: physical, nutritional and pharmacological methods for a faster and better recovery. Likewise, to know the most effective recovery methods in sports, in a comprehensive way. Methods: Literature review on different databases both Spanish and English, following 4 specific strategies, trying to offer a current knowledge about different strategies of post-exercise recovery. Results: Some sports, like team sport or those who have a great eccentric component that involve greater muscle destruction; require special intervention to retrieve traumatisms that occur during sport practice (training and competition). There are different ways to improve it such as physical methods (sports massage, electrical stimulation, water contrasts), nutritional strategies (hydration and carbohydrate and protein intake), ergonutritional (branched chain amino acids, glutamine, β-hidroximetil butyrate, creatine) and pharmacological (analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory drug). These strategies can be basic to achieve a full recovery of the athlete

Resveratrol and Pterostilbene, Two Analogue Phenolic Compounds, Affect Aquaglyceroporin Expression in a Different Manner in Adipose Tissue

Aquaglyceroporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channels that mediate glycerol release and glycerol uptake. They are involved in fat metabolism, with implications in obesity. The aim was to determine whether the administration of resveratrol and pterostilbene during the six weeks of the experimental period would modify AQPs expression in white and brown adipose tissues from Wistar rats fed an obesogenic diet, and to establish a potential relationship with the delipidating properties of these compounds. Consequently, thirty-six rats were divided into four groups: (a) group fed a standard diet; and three more groups fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet: (b) high-fat high-sucrose group: (c) pterostilbene-treated group (30 mg/kg/d): (d) resveratrol-treated group (30 mg/kg/d). Epididymal, subcutaneous white adipose tissues and interscapular brown adipose tissue were dissected. AQPs gene expression (RT-PCR) and protein expression (western-blot) were measured. In white adipose tissue, pterostilbene reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue weight and prevented the decrease in AQP9 induced by obesogenic feeding, and thus glycerol uptake for triglyceride accumulation. Resveratrol reduced epididymal adipose tissue weight and avoided the decrease in AQPs related to glycerol release induced by high-fat high-sucrose feeding, suggesting the involvement of lipolysis in its body-fat lowering effect. Regarding brown adipose tissue, AQP7 seemed not to be involved in the previously reported thermogenic activity of both phenolic compounds.This research has been supported by MINECO (AGL-2015-65719), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) and Basque Government (IT-572-13; PA18/03)

The influence of dietary conditions in the effects of resveratrol on hepatic steatosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the major cause for the development of chronic liver alterations. Hepatic steatosis is the most benign and common form of NAFLD, although its potential to evolve into more detrimental liver alterations makes its treatment necessary. In this regard, much attention has been paid to polyphenols, with resveratrol being one of the most studied ones. This review is aimed at studying the effects induced by resveratrol on hepatic steatosis in both preclinical studies conducted under different feeding conditions (overfeeding, normal feeding and caloric restriction), and in clinical trials. The vast majority of studies have been conducted by administering the polyphenol at the same time as an obesogenic diet. Under these experimental conditions, resveratrol has shown effectiveness improving diet-induced excessive liver lipid accumulation. Data are scarce for studies carried out by administering resveratrol under standard or energy-restricted feeding conditions. In this regard, while resveratrol retains its effectiveness, ameliorating hepatic steatosis under standard feeding conditions, such an effect has not been reported for the administration of the polyphenol under energy restriction. With regard to clinical trials, in the majority of them, resveratrol did not show its effectiveness in improving hepatic steatosis. This lack of effect could be due to significant differences in the experimental procedures (mainly the length of the experimental period). The relevance of liver fat content at the baseline should also be considered. Altogether, there is no sufficient scientific support so far for proposing resveratrol as a tool for hepatic steatosis treatment.This study has been supported by grants from Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, under grant AGL-2015-65719-R MINECO/FEDER, (UE), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007 and University of the Basque Country, under Grant GIU18-173

Relationship between changes in microbiota induced by resveratrol and its anti-diabetic effect on type 2 diabetes

Although a general healthy gut microbiota cannot be defined due to numerous internal and external individual factors, such as sex, age, ethnicity, genetics, environment, diet and drugs affect its composition, certain microbial species and gut microbiota compositions seem to be related to the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes, as well as the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. The present review aimed at gathering the reported information describing how resveratrol induced changes in microbiota composition can mediate the positive effects of this polyphenol on glucose homeostasis under type 2 diabetic conditions, both in animals and humans. Based on the fact that some changes observed in the gut microbiota of type 2 diabetic animals and patients are reversed by resveratrol treatment, and taking into account that some resveratrol mediated changes in gut microbiota composition are similar to those induced by anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin, it can be proposed that four genera, Alistipes, Allobaculum, Desulfovibrio and Blautia could be involved in the benefits of resveratrol on glycameic control. Nevertheless some limitations are observed in this research field: (a) the number of studies analyzing both the effects of resveratrol on glucose homeostasis and microbiota composition in the same cohort of animals, in order to know the potential involvement of microbiota in the anti-diabetic effects of this phenolic compound, are very scarce and practically inexistent in the case of humans., (b) the studies present inconsistencies concerning the effects of resveratrol on gut microbiota changes, (c) the experimental design used do not allow the researchers to establish a causal relationship between the changes in microbiota and the anti-diabetic effect, in the vast majority of the studies, (d) the knowledge about the role of each type of bacteria on glycaemic control is not sufficient so far

Hidratación e ingredientes químicos en el deporte: seguridad alimentaria en el contexto europeo

Before, during and after physical activity, hydration is a limiting factor in athletic performance. Therefore, adequate hydration provides benefits for health and performance of athletes. Besides, hydration is associated to the intake of carbohydrates, protein, sodium, caffeine and other substances by different dietary aids, during the training and/or competition by athletes. These requirements have led to the development of different products by the food industry, to cover the nutritional needs of athletes. Currently in the European context, the legal framework for the development of products, substances and health claims concerning to sport products is incomplete and scarce. Under these conditions, there are many products with different ingredients out of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) control where claims are wrong due to no robust scientific evidence and it can be dangerous for the health. Further scientific evidence should be constructed by new clinical trials in order to assist to the Experts Commitees at EFSA for obtaining robust scientific opinions concerning to the functional foods and the individual ingredients for sport population.Antes, durante y después de la actividad física, la hidratación es un factor limitante en el rendimiento deportivo. Por lo tanto, una adecuada hidratación proporciona beneficios para la salud y el rendimiento de los deportista. Además, la hidratación se asocia a la ingesta de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, sodio, cafeína y otras sustancias durante el entrenamiento y/o competición de los deportistas. Estos requisitos han llevado al desarrollo de diferentes productos por parte de la industria alimentaria, para cubrir las necesidades nutricionales de los deportistas. Actualmente en el contexto europeo, el marco legal para el desarrollo de productos, sustancias y declaraciones nutricionales y de propiedades saludables relativas a productos deportivos, es incompleta y escasa. Hay muchos productos con diferentes ingredientes controlados por la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA), los cuales poseen declaraciones nutricionales y de propiedades saludables erróneas, debido a la falta o escasa evidencia científica, resultado peligroso para la salud. Se necesita mayor evidencia científica obtenida a través de nuevos ensayos clínicos con el fin de ayudar a los Comités de expertos de la EFSA para la obtención de dictámenes científicos sólidos relativos a los alimentos funcionales y los ingredientes individuales para la población deportiva.AGI and SM are grateful to the National funding agencies, through the Projects AGL2011-23690 (CICYT), CSD007-0063 (CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 ‘Fun-C-Food’), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) 201170E041, to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and for the support of the Fundación Séneca – Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia ‘Group of Excellence in Research’ 04486/GERM/06. Sonia Medina Escudero is appointed under a CSIC research contract

Sexu-dimorfismoa gizakian: inplikazioak osasunean eta diagnostiko klinikoan

Sexu-dimorfismoa espezie bereko ar eta emeen arteko desberdintasun morfologiko eta fisiologikoei erreferentzia egiten dien terminoa da. Desberdintasun horiek sexu patroia material genetikora heredatu den moduaren arabera definituta egongo dira. Gaur egun komunitate zientifikoa ahalegin handia egiten ari da pertsonalizatutako zehaztasunezko medikuntza lortzeko, eta horretarako ezinbestekoa da patologia bakoitzaren kasuan sexuarekin lotura duten mekanismoak ondo ezagutzea. Era berean, sexuak gaixotasun baten sintomatologian, bilakaeran eta tratamenduarekiko erantzunean eragin ditzakeen desberdintasunak ulertzea ere garrantzitsua izango da aurrez aipatutako helburua lortuko bada. Horiek lortzen badira, patologia desberdinen prebentzio, diagnostiko eta tratamendu zehatz eta egokituagoak lortuko lirateke, kostu ekonomikoa handitu gabe, gainera. Dimorfismoak, sexuari lotutako patologiak ez ezik, sexuarekiko independenteak diren patologiei ere eragin diezaieke. Sexuari lotutako patologiei dagokienez, sexu-kromosometan adierazten da zein sexutan gertatzen diren gehien asaldurak, hemofilia edo daltonismoarekin gertatzen den bezala. Sexuari lotuta ez dauden patologia askotan, berriz, hainbat ikerketak desberdintasun handiak aurkitu dituzte horiek gizon eta emakumeetan duten eragiteko moduan ere. Esate baterako, gaixotasun kardiobaskularretan, sintoma klinikoak eta pronostikoa desberdinak dira bi sexuen artean, minbizi, hantura-gaixotasun eta gaixotasun neurologiko batzuetan gertatzen den bezala.; Sex-dimorphism refers to the different morphologic and physiologic characteristics present in subjects of the two sexes within the same species. Such differences are defined by the way in which the sex pattern has been inheritedinto the genetic material. Nowadays scientific community is making a huge effort in order to develop personalized precision medicine, and for that, understanding the mechanisms linked to sex that occur on different pathologies is of paramount interest. Similarly, it is also important to understand the potential differences that sex may exert in thesymtomatology and development of a disease, as well as the response of the patient to the prescribed treatment. If the aforementioned goals are achieved it would be possible to obtain a more precise prevention, diagnosis and treatment ofdifferent diseases. In this regard, it must be noted that sex not only affects to those pathologies that are linked to sex, but also to those that are independent of sex. In this line, in sex-related pathologies, it is defined in sexual chromosomes the extent in which each sex will be affected by the pathology, as occurs in haemophilia or daltonism. In the case of pathologies that are independent of sex, several studies have also found significant differences regarding the way inwhich such pathologies affect to both sexes. In this regard, the clinical symptoms and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases are different in men and women, as occurs with further pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory diseases or certain neurological disorders