Dealing with the Imperfection of Historical Hazards Data in GIS: Limits and Solutions to Make Chronological Maps for Decision Makers

International audienceNatural hazard studies are often based on the spatial analysis of remarkable past events. However, historical information contains imperfections in its spatial and temporal locations and in the description of events. In this paper, we want to show the benefits of a system approach, that take the context of use of the visualization into account during the early phase of storing up data in the GIS, in order to make maps with imperfect data. We base on a concrete example: making a map of the chronology of phenomena during a past flood event, for decision makers who are lay users in cartography

Options and recommandations related to further development of an Espon Cartographic Language

In this 5th part of Espon Cartographic Language Final Report, our aim is to identify good practices, as well in the development of interactive cartographic environments such as atlases, as in innovative cartographic constructions. Our proposals target several levels:- The level of applications themselves: which functionalities have to be use, for what applications and what objectives?-The level of cartographic representations, meaning the possibilities to introduce elements of animation and interactivity in maps, depending on data and objectives: what innovations for which representation?To achieve such aims, we use two types of resources:- a collection of interactive atlases, considered as the most representative of the diversity in european statistical atlases, which we have analyzed and compared.- the collection of maps presented in Task 4, that we propose to enrich with functions of interaction and animation.The first part of Task 5 deals with recommendations, coming from a comparative analysis of european statistical atlases. These recommendations depend on the type of environment to be made (environment of visualization, analysis or exploration), and on the desired interactivity level.The second part deals with recommendations to create interactive and animated maps. They are illustrated by concrete proposals, in the form of summary datasheet.The final part deals with a comparison of computer tools that can be used to make innovative cartographic applications

État des lieux des représentations dynamiques des temporalités des territoires

Le temps et ses caractéristiques ont toujours fait l’objet de grandes attentions pour comprendre les dynamiques des territoires. Aujourd’hui, que ce soit à cause des nouvelles capacités d’observation en temps réel, de l’accumulation des séries de données au cours du temps, ou à cause de la multiplication des rythmes, les temporalités à prendre en compte pour comprendre les dynamiques territoriales se multiplient et leurs imbrications se complexifient. Interroger les rythmes, les vitesses, les cycles de ces dynamiques, ou mettre en relation temporelle des phénomènes spatiaux tels que les évènements catastrophiques passés devient plus que jamais un enjeu pour comprendre et décider.Les jeux de méthodes mobilisables aujourd’hui pour représenter les temporalités des territoires sont en plein renouvellement, et imposent désormais bien souvent de franchir les fractures disciplinaires traditionnelles entre échelles, entre outils, entre formalismes. Les domaines d’applications potentiellement concernés, comme celui du développement durable des territoires, sont autant de domaines susceptibles de nourrir les questions associées à l’exploration des temporalités des territoires. Le projet "Représentation dynamique des temporalités des territoires" se veut un état des lieux de différents développements et solutions pour analyser et rendre compte des temporalités des territoires. Cet état des lieux est à entrées multiples, interrogeant à la fois des choix amont (modélisation) et des choix proprement liés à la question de la représentation. Le projet débouche sur un ensemble de résultats dont certains sont mis en ligne sur le site: http://www.map.cnrs.fr/jyb/puca/- Une grille de lecture de la collection d'applications analysée (voir onglet "47 applications"), grille où sont combinés des indicateurs généraux sur par exmeple le type de service rendu ou le type de dynamique spatiale analysée, et des indicateurs plus spécifiques au traitement des dimensions spatiales et temporelles. Cette grille est mise en place sur 47 applications identifiées et analysées,- Des visualisations récapitulatives conçues comme outils d'analyse comparative de la collection,- Une bibliographie structurée en relation avec la grille de lecture

Recent Computer Technologies for an Innovative Cartographic Language: Espon Cartographic Language, Interim Report 1

Review of the state of the art in recent computer technologies and related cartographic software in support of ensuring an innovative cartographic language. The service provider is asked to review the state of the art in recent computer technologies and related cartographic software development in support of ensuring an innovative cartographic language. The service provider shall, based on this review, present options for modernising the ESPON Cartographic Language. The fulfilment of this task should not be limited only to more “traditional” cartography, but explore new options for adding new cartographic concepts, types of illustrations and computer animated presentations, that could support the presentation of the geography of policy orientations and forward-looking territorial evidence to the European territorial policy arena. The review shall lead to recommendations of cartographic technologies and techniques to consider in a modernised ESPON Cartographic Language. It shall be used as input for recommendations on new cartographic elements to consider in a modernised ESPON Cartographic Language under task 4 and 5. Three dimensions for an Innovative cartographic language will be explored in three directions:- Former Semiotic language combined with new technologies- Usability of the produced representations - Focus on added dimensions like interactivity, animation, multimedia, 3D, etc

Explosive activity of the summit cone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion island): A historical and geological review

International audienceSummit explosive activity and collapses that form pit craters and calderas represent major volcanic hazards on a dominantly effusive, frequently active volcano like Piton de la Fournaise. Only three summit collapse events (1986, 2002, 2007) have been recorded since the foundation of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano observatory (OVPF) in 1979, and two of them (1986 and 2007) were associated with weak phreatic activity. At Piton de la Fournaise, the normal explosive activity consists of short-lived and mild (< 20 m-high) lava fountains, which quickly evolve into strombolian activity during the eruptions. Based on comprehensive literature review and high-resolution image analysis of surface outcrops and summit caldera walls, we reconstructed the time distribution of recent explosive events (phreatomagmatic; phreatic) and their link with summit collapses and lateral (flank) effusive eruptions. In historical time (post-1640 CE), we recognise two main clusters of explosive events. Frequent and violent phreatomagmatic to phreatic explosions occurred during the oldest cluster (1708–1878) and alternated with long-lasting periods (years to decades) of summit effusive activity. In contrast, scarce, and on average, weak explosions occurred during the youngest cluster (1897–2012), when discrete and short-lived (< 6 months) effusive eruptions represent the main eruptive dynamics. Historical summit collapses (pit craters and caldera), all localised at the top of the summit cone, were related to voluminous lateral eruptions and were followed by a significant decrease in eruptive rate. However, magma draining during lateral eruptions was not systematically associated with summit collapses or explosions. The long-lasting occurrence of magma at very shallow depth below the volcano summit, followed by a rapid lateral drainage, apparently represents a critical condition favouring magma–groundwater interaction to produce explosive activity. The prehistoric growth of the Piton de la Fournaise summit cone results chiefly from long-lasting to continuous activity, centred below its western side (Bory crater containing lava lakes). High lava fountains, long-lasting effusive activity, lava lakes, ash plumes and block ejections were common types of eruptive dynamics in the historical past, between 1640 and 1878. In this perspective, short-lived, small volume eruptions and long pauses, up to six years, during the last century of activity of Piton de la Fournaise can be considered as a lull, despite the high frequency of eruption (1 eruption/9 months on average). Temporal and spatial variations in recurrence rate and eruptive dynamics of basaltic volcanism, such as those recognised at Piton de la Fournaise, should be considered in the formulation of hazard assessments and in the interpretation of precursory patterns

APPRENDRE DU PASSE POUR OPTIMISER LA PREVENTION ET LA GESTION DES INONDATIONS SUR LE FERROVIAIRE

International audienceArchives records dealing with historical floods constitute a remarkable heritage for railway system analysis, but they are under-exploited. This article deals with their interest. Then a methodology to build a chronological synthesis from historical records is presented. Finally, the advantages of geovisualisation, as a tool to ease the exploitation of historical information, are presented.Les archives sur les inondations historiques constituent un patrimoine riche pour l'analyse du système ferroviaire, mais actuellement sous-exploité. Nous expliquons ce qu'elles peuvent apporter, puis nous présentons une méthode de synthèse des données issues d'archives. Enfin, nous présentons les apports de la géovisualisation, comme outil pour faciliter l'utilisation de l'information historique

Parathyroid Carcinoma: A Review with Three Illustrative Cases

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare disease, which accounts for less than 1% of all case of primary hyperparathyroidism and is usually not detected until the time of surgery or thereafter. For most patients preoperative staging is not available. A radical excision remains the standard management; the place of adjuvant radiotherapy is not well established yet. Local recurrence and/or the metastases are unfortunately frequent. The present paper presents an up to date review of the literature illustrated by three clinical cases

Editorial

Aujourd’hui, alors que tous les modèles globaux de développement et d’organisation de l’action collective sont mis à mal, l’initiative individuelle paraît reine. La performance des acteurs et la liberté d’entreprendre semblent totales avec pour corollaire, une multiplication des figures de la réussite. A l’évidence la faculté d’entreprendre ne relève pas du seul domaine économique ; elle est le fait d’acteurs qui, pour réussir, investissent simultanément plusieurs sphères (religieuses, politi..

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570