Numerical study of the behaviour of wings under different flight conditions

The project consists on the numerical analysis of wings to support all loads during flight phases. The A340 600 wing is taken to perform a numerical aerodynamic analysis to obtain the desired flight loads through 3D Panel Method with XFLR5 tool and then numerical structural analysis to study failure criteria, and maximum vertical displacement of the wing when it is used different materials and different thicknesses at any of the different flight phases, through Finite Element Method using Abaqus/CAE software. After that, it is performed an optimization so that it can be obtained a lighter wing that do not fracture, buckles or cracks. This optimization also allows to reduce costs.Ingeniería Aeroespacia

Impact of targeting MYC in metabolic reprogramming and differentiation of cancer

Alterations in several metabolic pathways due to increased energy and biomass demand, as consequence of the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells, is known as metabolic reprogramming. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes that initiate cancer development, are responsible directly and indirectly of the changes in major cellular energy production processes, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and lipid metabolism. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a solid tumor that develops extracranially in the sympathetic nervous system, and the most diagnosed cancer during the first year of life. Among several genetic alterations, MYCN-amplification occurs in approximately 25% of all cases, associated with poor survival rate. Although the MYCN protein plays a crucial role in NB progression, no inhibitors have been approved for clinical use, as targeting MYCN has proven to be challenging. Thus, other indirect strategies, such as targeting downstream processes controlled by MYCN including metabolism and differentiation, represent alternatives to overcome the drawbacks of directly targeting this oncoprotein. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene provokes constitutive activation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). Due to disruptions in a myriad of metabolic pathways, and in part, as consequence of the continuous stabilization of HIFs, ccRCC is considered a metabolic disease. Moreover, although MYC amplification is found only in 5-10 % of the cases, increased MYC signaling has been associated with development of aggressive forms of ccRCC. In paper I we investigated the metabolic changes induced by MYCN amplification in NB. By combining proteomics, transcriptome analysis and functional metabolic assays, we demonstrated that MYCN induced changes in several metabolic enzymes, increasing glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. We also found that fatty acids were the preferred mitochondrial fuel for energy production in MYCN-amplified cells. Moreover, data from tracing experiments with 13C-labeled glucose or glutamine indicated that MYCN-amplified NB cells synthetized glutamine de novo. Furthermore, targeting fatty acid oxidation resulted in reduction of viability in NB cells with MYCN-amplification in vitro and in reduction of tumor burden in vivo. Since we found that fatty acid oxidation was relevant for MYCN-amplified NB, we further studied the effects of inhibiting de novo fatty acids synthesis in paper II. Using five different inhibitors targeting two consecutive enzymes in the process, we described that inhibition of the synthesis of fatty acids resulted in striking neuronal differentiation associated with activation of ERK signaling, and reduction of MYCN and MYC levels. Moreover, lipid composition as well as mitochondrial function and morphology of NB cells was altered. In addition, fatty acid synthesis inhibition led to reduced tumor formation and increased differentiation markers in several NB xenograft models. Together, the results in paper I and II suggested that targeting lipid metabolism could be a potential therapeutic approach for NB patients. In paper III we further analyzed the potential differentiation of NB cells induced by activation of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). Our data showed that the simultaneous activation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), estrogen receptor α (ERα) and retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) potentiated neurite outgrowth, induced changes in the glycolytic and mitochondrial functions, accompanied with lipid droplet accumulation, and reduced proliferation in vitro as well as tumor burden in vivo. In addition, single cell nuclei analysis revealed a sequential expression of the three NHRs during adrenal gland development. Notably, in silico analysis of patient cohorts demonstrated that high expression of these NHRs were correlated with better overall survival. Thus, combination therapy with the concurrent activation of GR, ERα and RARα represents a promising strategy to induce differentiation in NB patients. Paper IV describes the mechanism behind lipid droplet (LD) accumulation induced by MYC inhibition during hypoxia in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We found that HIF expression together with MYC inhibition resulted in LD deposition. Our results showed that due to HIF stabilization, glutamine-derived carbons were directed for synthesis of fatty acids, further accumulating in LDs. Importantly, we identified that the hypoxia inducible lipid droplet associated (HILPDA) gene, was overexpressed upon HIF induction and MYC inhibition, controlling LD formation in ccRCC cells. Hence, our study characterizes the molecular mechanism of LD accumulation in relation to hypoxia and MYC signaling, providing new understanding of metabolic adaption in ccRCC. Altogether, the data compiled in this thesis describes the important role of the MYC family of proteins in differentiation and metabolism of NB and in the metabolic reprogramming of ccRCC providing new knowledge and potential targets for development of novel therapeutic approaches

FOOD AND NUTRITION IN SCHOOL AGE

Basándonos autores como Cancio González (2008) y Aldaz Donamaría (2014), sobre conceptos de alimentación y nutrición en edad escolar, desarrollaremos, en base al primero, la forma en cómo debe alimentarse un niño, en la etapa de Educación Primaria. Además, describimos la dieta mediterránea, que viene detallada en la pirámide de alimentación, cómo aprender hábitos de alimentación y los cambios sociales que han repercutido en la misma. Hablaremos de obesidad, sobrepeso y sedentarismo, de los errores frecuentes en alimentación y finalizaremos fundamentándonos en Carballo (2015), aclarando el por qué felicidad y seguridad son sinónimo de buena alimentación.Based writers like Gonzalez Cancio (2008) and Aldaz Donamaría (2014 ) on food and nutrition concepts schoolchildren, develop, based on the first, the way how to feed a child in Primary Education. We also describe the Mediterranean diet, which is detailed in the food pyramid, learning habits and social changes that have affected it. We talk about obesity, overweight and sedentary lifestyle, frequent errors in power and finalize, based Carballo ( 2015), explaining why happiness and security are synonymous with good food

Postural hygiene in school age

Basándonos autores como López (2009) y Corrales Baz (2014), sobre conceptos de ergonomía e higiene postural, desarrollaremos, en base al segundo, una serie de premisas y hábitos que nos ayuden a solventar posibles molestias de espalda. Trataremos la ergonomía, postura y mobiliario en los escolares siguiendo a Muñoz Vidal (2009). En base a Castillo Torrejón y otros (2012), hablaremos de las malformaciones posturales y, finalizaremos, describiendo la actitud del maestro de Educación Física en relación a las posibles patologías y daremos una serie de recomendaciones de prevención en las sesiones de educación física (Santonja Medina y otros, 2004).Based authors like Lopez (2009) and Corrales Baz (2014), on concepts of ergonomics and postural hygiene, develop, based on the second, a number of assumptions and habits that help us solve potential back problems. We discuss ergonomics, posture and furniture in school following Muñoz Vidal (2009). Based on Castillo Torrejon and others (2012), we discuss the postural defects and will finish describing the attitude of PE teacher in relation to possible pathologies and give a series of recommendations for prevention in physical education sessions (Santonja Medina and others, 2004)

El consumo actual de las tecnologías de la información.

Partiendo de que el libro impreso ya supuso un importante avance tecnológico en sí mismo la necesidad, cada vez mayor de comunicar y los desarrollos tecnológicos han originado nuevas y mayores prestaciones a los usuarios con lo que la comunicación tecnológica ha creado una sociedad interconectada por medio de enlaces de redes de las que Internet se perfila como un recurso que proporciona mayores facilidades en todos los ámbitos de la actividad humana, no sólo de los profesionales de la información

Official publications in Spain. Government and Central Administration editorial system

Official publications cover not only regulation, although this is a matter of great importance. Due to the activity that central government and its institutions have to develop, the volume and variety of official publications increases more and more. The Administration has the obligation to report to citizens. This obligation may undergo changes in every legislative period. In view of this, it is necessary to rely on a system that delimitates editorial competences, that allows identifying responsible organisms for edition and the matters to be published according to the activity of the correspondent organism and the necessary editorial control as well. Communication resources to give access to official publications are also needed. This article shows the editorial system for official publications in Spain according to regulation issued by Government since 1967 and that are compulsory for Central government and central administration

Personal hygiene in school age

Basándonos en autores como Alcántara García (1999) y Merced (2012) sobre los conceptos de higiene e higiene personal, desarrollaremos, en base al primero, la importancia y necesidades de la higiene en las escuelas. Además, continuando con el mismo autor, trataremos el aseo de los alumnos, en referencia a cómo debe ser la higiene y el cuidado de los sentidos. Finalmente, en base a SaludMadrid (2015), establecemos una serie de recomendaciones sobre la higiene del cuerpo.Based authors like Alcantara Garcia (1999) and Mercy (2012) on the concepts of hygiene and personal hygiene, develop, based on the first, the importance and needs of hygiene in schools. In addition, continuing the same author, we try grooming the students, referring to how it should be hygiene and care of the senses. Finally, based on SaludMadrid (2015), we establish a set of recommendations on the hygiene of the body

Promoting light hydrocarbons yield by catalytic hydrodechlorination of residual chloromethanes using palladium supported on zeolite catalysts

Gas catalytic hydrodechlorination (HDC) of trichloromethane (TCM) and dichloromethane (DCM) was analyzed using Pd (1 wt.%) on different zeolites as catalysts. The aim of this study was to know the surface properties of the catalysts and reaction conditions that promote the yield to light hydrocarbons in this reaction. Five different zeolite supports were used from three commercial zeolites (KL, L-type; NaY, Faujasite; H-MOR, Mordenite). KL and NaY were submitted to ionic exchange treatments in order to increase their acidity and analyze the effect of the acidity in the activity and selectivity of the HDC reaction. Exchanged zeolites (HL and HY) showed the highest Pd dispersion due to their higher surface acidity. The best TCM/DCM conversion and selectivity to light hydrocarbons was obtained using the two non-exchanged zeolite-catalysts, KL and NaY. Low surface acidity seems to be the key aspect to promote the formation of light hydrocarbons. The formation of these products is favored at high reaction temperatures and low H2: chloromethane ratios. KL showed the highest selectivity to olefins (60%), although with a lower dechlorination degree. Non-exchanged NaY catalyst showed high selectivity to paraffins (70% and 95% for the HDC of DCM and TCM, respectively)Authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades—Agencia Estatal de Investigación/ CTM2017-85498-R. C. Fernández Ruiz acknowledges MINECO for his research gran

Development and improvement of health through Physical Education

Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado trata de desarrollar y mejorar, desde el área de la Educación Física, todos los aspectos saludables que pueden ser tratados desde el ámbito escolar. La Educación Física y el deporte escolar puede ser muy determinantes en el alumnado, por lo que se pretende enriquecer y desplegar una actitud positiva hacia el deporte y la propia salud. Será fundamental que los alumnos interioricen conceptos esenciales como alimentación, higiene postural y corporal. Una vez consolidados estos aspectos, se pretende que el alumnado obtenga una serie de hábitos saludables.This Final Degree Work tries to develop and improve, from the area of Physical Education, all the healthy aspects that can be treated from the school. Physical Education and school sport can be very decisive in students, which is to enrich and display a positive attitude towards sport and health itself. It will be essential that students internalize essential concepts such as food, postural and body hygiene. Once consolidated these aspects, it is intended that students obtain a series of healthy habits