Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Microbial Community Interactions

Many bacteria use a cell-cell communication system called quorum sensing to coordinate population density-dependent changes in behavior. Quorum sensing involves production of and response to diffusible or secreted signals, which can vary substantially across different types of bacteria. In many species, quorum sensing modulates virulence functions and is important for pathogenesis. Over the past half-century, there has been a significant accumulation of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms, signal structures, gene regulons, and behavioral responses associated with quorum-sensing systems in diverse bacteria. More recent studies have focused on understanding quorum sensing in the context of bacterial sociality. Studies of the role of quorum sensing in cooperative and competitive microbial interactions have revealed how quorum sensing coordinates interactions both within a species and between species. Such studies of quorum sensing as a social behavior have relied on the development of “synthetic ecological” models that use nonclonal bacterial populations. In this review, we discuss some of these models and recent advances in understanding how microbes might interact with one another using quorum sensing. The knowledge gained from these lines of investigation has the potential to guide studies of microbial sociality in natural settings and the design of new medicines and therapies to treat bacterial infections

The C. elegans CHP1 homolog, pbo-1, functions in innate immunity by regulating the pH of the intestinal lumen

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Caenorhabditis elegans are soil-dwelling nematodes and models for understanding innate immunity and infection. Previously, we developed a novel fluorescent dye (KR35) that accumulates in the intestine of C. elegans and reports a dynamic wave in intestinal pH associated with the defecation motor program. Here, we use KR35 to show that mutations in the Ca2+-binding protein, PBO-1, abrogate the pH wave, causing the anterior intestine to be constantly acidic. Surprisingly, pbo-1 mutants were also more susceptible to infection by several bacterial pathogens. We could suppress pathogen susceptibility in pbo-1 mutants by treating the animals with pH-buffering bicarbonate, suggesting the pathogen susceptibility is a function of the acidity of the intestinal pH. Furthermore, we use KR35 to show that upon infection by pathogens, the intestinal pH becomes neutral in a wild type, but less so in pbo-1 mutants. C. elegans is known to increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2, in response to pathogens, which is an important component of pathogen defense. We show that pbo-1 mutants exhibited decreased H2O2 in response to pathogens, which could also be partially restored in pbo-1 animals treated with bicarbonate. Ultimately, our results support a model whereby PBO-1 functions during infection to facilitate pH changes in the intestine that are protective to the host

Cross-species activation of hydrogen cyanide production by a promiscuous quorum-sensing receptor promotes Chromobacterium subtsugae competition in a dual-species model

Many saprophytic bacteria have LuxR-I-type acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing systems that may be important for competing with other bacteria in complex soil communities. LuxR AHL receptors specifically interact with cognate AHLs to cause changes in expression of target genes. Some LuxR-type AHL receptors have relaxed specificity and are responsive to non-cognate AHLs. These promiscuous receptors might be used to sense and respond to AHLs produced by other bacteria by eavesdropping. We are interested in understanding the role of eavesdropping during interspecies competition. The soil saprophyte Chromobacterium subtsugae has a single AHL circuit, CviR-I, which produces and responds to N-hexanoyl-HSL (C6-HSL). The AHL receptor CviR can respond to a variety of AHLs in addition to C6-HSL. In prior studies we have utilized a coculture model with C. subtsugae and another soil saprophyte, Burkholderia thailandensis. Using this model, we previously showed that promiscuous activation of CviR by B. thailandensis AHLs provides a competitive advantage to C. subtsugae. Here, we show that B. thailandensis AHLs activate transcription of dozens of genes in C. subtsugae, including the hcnABC genes coding for production of hydrogen cyanide. We show that hydrogen cyanide production is population density-dependent and demonstrate that the cross-induction of hydrogen cyanide by B. thailandensis AHLs provides a competitive advantage to C. subtsugae. Our results provide new information on C. subtsugae quorum sensing and are the basis for future studies aimed at understanding the role of eavesdropping in interspecies competition

LEGO® bricks as building blocks for centimeter-scale biological environments

LEGO bricks are commercially available interlocking pieces of plastic that are conventionally used as toys. We describe their use to build engineered environments for cm-scale biological systems, in particular plant roots. Specifically, we take advantage of the unique modularity of these building blocks to create inexpensive, transparent, reconfigurable, and highly scalable environments for plant growth in which structural obstacles and chemical gradients can be precisely engineered to mimic soil

A simple and versatile 2-dimensional platform to study plant germination and growth under controlled humidity

We describe a simple, inexpensive, but remarkably versatile and controlled growth environment for the observation of plant germination and seedling root growth on a flat, horizontal surface over periods of weeks. The setup provides to each plant a controlled humidity (between 56% and 91% RH), and contact with both nutrients and atmosphere. The flat and horizontal geometry of the surface supporting the roots eliminates the gravitropic bias on their development and facilitates the imaging of the entire root system. Experiments can be setup under sterile conditions and then transferred to a non-sterile environment. The system can be assembled in 1-2 minutes, costs approximately 8.78$per plant, is almost entirely reusable (0.43$ per experiment in disposables), and is easily scalable to a variety of plants. We demonstrate the performance of the system by germinating, growing, and imaging Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Corn (Zea mays), and Wisconsin Fast Plants (Brassica rapa). Germination rates were close to those expected for optimal conditions

Etude d'un écosystème bactérien synthétique anaérobie producteur d'hydrogène : Impact des interactions bactérie-bactérie sur le métabolisme

Un grand nombre d'espèces microbiennes, issues d'environnements divers et présentant une large gamme de métabolismes différents, peuvent produire de l'hydrogène par voie fermentaire. Jusqu'à présent, les études ont principalement porté sur l'utilisation de cultures microbiennes pures, voire génétiquement modifiées, en vue d'optimiser la production de biohydrogène à partir de sucres simples ou peu complexes. Les efforts de recherche portent désormais sur l'utilisation de cultures microbiennes mixtes pour produire du biohydrogène à partir de sources organiques plus complexes issus par exemple du traitement de la biomasse. Toutefois, la présence de voies métaboliques alternatives tout comme l'instabilité du processus biologique constitue des verrous scientifiques et techniques qu'il conviendra de lever pour une application potentielle. Ceci nécessite entre autre une meilleur connaissance des interactions bactériennes et donc métaboliques présentent au sein du consortium.Pour cela, nous avons développé une approche innovante et pluridisciplinaire d'ingénierie écologique qui consiste en la conception, la construction et l'étude d'un consortium microbien synthétique afin d'établir les paramètres régissant les réseaux d'interactions métaboliques avec pour objectif d'optimiser la production d'hydrogène. Dans un premier temps nous avons choisit d'étudier les réseaux d'interactions métaboliques entre deux souches modèles connues comme partie prenante d'un consortium bactérien naturel, une bactérie du genre Clostridie et une du genre Desulfovibrio, la première étant productrice d'hydrogène par fermentationNumerous microorganisms can produce hydrogen by “dark fermentation”. Isolated from various environments, they present a broad range of different metabolisms. Until now, literature reports have mainly dealt with the use of pure microbial cultures producing biohydrogen from simple sugars, such as glucose and sucrose. More recently, studies on biohydrogen production by mixed cultures from complex organic sources have been developed. Even though biohydrogen productivities and conversion yields can be interesting for industrial purposes, several scientific and technical constraints remain to be addressed. In particular, the presence of alternative metabolic ways of hydrogen consumption generally results in chronic instability of the biological processes. To increase the stability and the efficiency of dark fermentative processes, it is now necessary to acquire a better understanding of the metabolic interaction networks existing between producing and consuming microorganisms.We have developed an innovative and multidisciplinary approach to ecological engineering, which consists of the construction and study of synthetic microbial consortia to establish the metabolic networks existing between microorganisms for further optimization of biohydrogen production. First we have studied the networks of metabolic interactions between two bacterial models known as involved in a natural bacterial consortium: a bacterium from Clostridium genus; Clostridium acetobutylicum and one from Desulfovibrio genus, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. The first one being producing of hydrogen by fermentation of complex sugars and the secon

Etude d'un écosystème bactérien synthétique anaérobie producteur d'hydrogène (Impact des interactions bactérie-bactérie sur le métabolisme)

Un grand nombre d'espèces microbiennes, issues d'environnements divers et présentant une large gamme de métabolismes différents, peuvent produire de l'hydrogène par voie fermentaire. Jusqu'à présent, les études ont principalement porté sur l'utilisation de cultures microbiennes pures, voire génétiquement modifiées, en vue d'optimiser la production de biohydrogène à partir de sucres simples ou peu complexes. Les efforts de recherche portent désormais sur l'utilisation de cultures microbiennes mixtes pour produire du biohydrogène à partir de sources organiques plus complexes issus par exemple du traitement de la biomasse. Toutefois, la présence de voies métaboliques alternatives tout comme l'instabilité du processus biologique constitue des verrous scientifiques et techniques qu'il conviendra de lever pour une application potentielle. Ceci nécessite entre autre une meilleur connaissance des interactions bactériennes et donc métaboliques présentent au sein du consortium.Pour cela, nous avons développé une approche innovante et pluridisciplinaire d'ingénierie écologique qui consiste en la conception, la construction et l'étude d'un consortium microbien synthétique afin d'établir les paramètres régissant les réseaux d'interactions métaboliques avec pour objectif d'optimiser la production d'hydrogène. Dans un premier temps nous avons choisit d'étudier les réseaux d'interactions métaboliques entre deux souches modèles connues comme partie prenante d'un consortium bactérien naturel, une bactérie du genre Clostridie et une du genre Desulfovibrio, la première étant productrice d'hydrogène par fermentationNumerous microorganisms can produce hydrogen by dark fermentation . Isolated from various environments, they present a broad range of different metabolisms. Until now, literature reports have mainly dealt with the use of pure microbial cultures producing biohydrogen from simple sugars, such as glucose and sucrose. More recently, studies on biohydrogen production by mixed cultures from complex organic sources have been developed. Even though biohydrogen productivities and conversion yields can be interesting for industrial purposes, several scientific and technical constraints remain to be addressed. In particular, the presence of alternative metabolic ways of hydrogen consumption generally results in chronic instability of the biological processes. To increase the stability and the efficiency of dark fermentative processes, it is now necessary to acquire a better understanding of the metabolic interaction networks existing between producing and consuming microorganisms.We have developed an innovative and multidisciplinary approach to ecological engineering, which consists of the construction and study of synthetic microbial consortia to establish the metabolic networks existing between microorganisms for further optimization of biohydrogen production. First we have studied the networks of metabolic interactions between two bacterial models known as involved in a natural bacterial consortium: a bacterium from Clostridium genus; Clostridium acetobutylicum and one from Desulfovibrio genus, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. The first one being producing of hydrogen by fermentation of complex sugars and the secondAIX-MARSEILLE1-BU Sci.St Charles (130552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Plasmid-encoded H-NS controls extracellular matrix composition in a modern Acinetobacter baumannii urinary isolate

Acinetobacter baumannii is emerging as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial pathogen of increasing threat to human health worldwide. The recent MDR urinary isolate UPAB1 carries the plasmid pAB5, a member of a family of large conjugative plasmids (LCPs). LCPs encode several antibiotic resistance genes and repress the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to enable their dissemination, employing two TetR transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, pAB5 controls the expression of additional chromosomally encoded genes, impacting UPAB1 virulence. Here, we show that a pAB5-encoded H-NS transcriptional regulator represses the synthesis of the exopolysaccharide PNAG and the expression of a previously uncharacterized three-gene cluster that encodes a protein belonging to the CsgG/HfaB family. Members of this protein family are involved in amyloid or polysaccharide formation in other species. Deletion of the CsgG homolog abrogated PNAG production and chaperone-usher pathway (CUP) pilus formation, resulting in a subsequent reduction in biofilm formation. Although this gene cluster is widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria, it remains largely uninvestigated. Our results illustrate the complex cross-talks that take place between plasmids and the chromosomes of their bacterial host, which in this case can contribute to the pathogenesis of Acinetobacter

Nouveaux concepts pour les bioénergies : de l’ingénierie écologique à l’utilisation de biocatalyseurs pour la production d’hydrogène

National audienc

Impact on Hydrogen Metabolism of physical interactions between Desulfovibrio and Clostridium

International audienc