القلب عند الشیخ مصطفیٰ صادق الرافعي

The word "heart" which is being used in Urdu language and literature is derived from Arabic word "Qalb". Linguists narrate its different meanings and prospects. Summary of their school of thought and opinions is that heart is a muscular organ which is present in the chest of human body. They have further said that it is a wonderful Divine gift and donation and Almighty Allah addresses to it. Punishment and laurels will be for the heart. To understand the heart references have been taken commonly from linguists and especially from "Rasail Al-Azhan fe Falsafa tul Jamal wal Hub" by   Imam Mustafa Sadiq Alrafi. Mustafa Sadiq Alrafi has been a great writer and philosopher of Egypt of modern era who has beautifully described the philosophy of language and literature along with love and beauty. In this regard he has eloquently described "Qalb" and this essay is a summarization of his opinion. It is a humble effort to describe "Qalb" by taking different cites from his book

Dairy farm Campylobacteraceae

Infection with Campylobacter is considered to be the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. In light of the dramatic increase of antibiotic resistant bacteria, alternative solutions including biological controls such as bacteriophage therapy and bacteriophage biosanitization are being considered. One way in which campylobacters enter the human food chain is through consumption of contaminated raw milk. An updated study of the ability of campylobacters to survive in milk, including species other than C. jejuni, was carried out. Isolation of bacteriophages from bovine slurry, with potential for biocontrol and therapeutic purposes was attempted using conventional methods. Campylobacter and Arcobacter hosts were isolated and characterised, including genome sequencing, from the same environment. The method used for this purpose was proven efficacious for porcine slurry; however, no lytic phage were isolated from bovine samples. During the isolation experiments unusual plaques were formed on the lawn of the C. hyointestinalis S12 host strain. The causative agent of this lytic activity was found to be due to a new predatory bacterium, which was characterised with respect host range and genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new bacterium in the family Oceanospirillaceae and the name Venatorbacter cucullus gen. nov. sp. nov proposed

Dairy farm Campylobacteraceae

Infection with Campylobacter is considered to be the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. In light of the dramatic increase of antibiotic resistant bacteria, alternative solutions including biological controls such as bacteriophage therapy and bacteriophage biosanitization are being considered. One way in which campylobacters enter the human food chain is through consumption of contaminated raw milk. An updated study of the ability of campylobacters to survive in milk, including species other than C. jejuni, was carried out. Isolation of bacteriophages from bovine slurry, with potential for biocontrol and therapeutic purposes was attempted using conventional methods. Campylobacter and Arcobacter hosts were isolated and characterised, including genome sequencing, from the same environment. The method used for this purpose was proven efficacious for porcine slurry; however, no lytic phage were isolated from bovine samples. During the isolation experiments unusual plaques were formed on the lawn of the C. hyointestinalis S12 host strain. The causative agent of this lytic activity was found to be due to a new predatory bacterium, which was characterised with respect host range and genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new bacterium in the family Oceanospirillaceae and the name Venatorbacter cucullus gen. nov. sp. nov proposed

Adsorption of toxic dye using red seaweeds from synthetic aqueous solution and its application to industrial wastewater effluents

This study investigated the potential application of dried powder from red seaweed Pterocladia capillacea as an eco-friendly adsorbent for removing Crystal Violet Dye (CV dye) from a synthetic solution. The adsorption conditions for the adsorbent were determined, in batch conditions, by changing different experimental parameters such as initial CV dye concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L–1), contact time (15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min.), adsorbent doses (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g), temperature (25, 35, 45, and 55°C), and pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11). The adsorption mechanisms of CV dye onto the P. capillacea biomass were examined using various analytical techniques such as FTIR, BET, UV–Visible, and SEM. These characterizations suggest the average BET surface area of P. capillacea was 87.17 m2 g–1 and a pore volume of 0.10368 cc g−1. Moreover, according to the FTIR study, the dye has been deposited inside the adsorbent’s pores after adsorption. The adsorption behavior of the adsorbent was investigated by performing both kinetic and equilibrium isothermal studies in batch conditions at 25°C. Also, the thermodynamic factors showed the exothermic nature and physisorption of the adsorption process, which tends to be spontaneous at lower temperatures. In addition, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherm models were selected to evaluate the adsorption of CV dye on P. capillacea. The equilibrium adsorption data were best represented by the Freundlich, indicating multilayer adsorption on the heterogeneous surface. The qe experiment and calculation values for the Pseudo-Second-Order and interparticle diffusion kinetic models were determined. The results showed that, under optimum conditions P. capillacea exhibited 98% removal of CV dye from synthetic wastewater. Moreover, it will help to regenerate the adsorbents that can be reused to adsorb CV dye ions and develop a successful adsorption process. Finally, this study concluded that the dried powdered form of P. capillacea is an attractive source for adsorbing CV dye from aqueous solution

Cultivation and Detection of Unculturable Fungi in Soil Using Soil Infusion Agar(SIA)

Unculturable and non sporulating fungi represent a great challenge in studying biotrophic ,endotrophic and mycorrhizal fungal groups. In this study a novel culture dependent technique complemented with PCR was used to detect and identify of unculturable fungi in soil . To develop techniques for cultivation of unculturable fungi for the purpose of expanding studies on fungal biodiversity in soil , Soil Infusion Agar (SIA) was developed . By this technique, from higher dilutions of soil five tiny colonies (less than 1mm in diameter) had grown on SIA after incubation for 1-3 months at 280C , but had not shown growth when replicated on traditional mycological media ,were selected , purified studied culturally and microscopically and identified by molecular methods . Growth of the five clones on PDA, but not Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Czpak Dox Agar of incubation when a loopful of a colony grown after several successive subculturing on SIA was transferred to PDA. The growth on PDA has been empirically proven due to the inoculums size effect and the period of incubation at 280C. Two fungal specific primer sets (EF4F/ITS4r and EF60F/ITS4r) were used to amplify partial sequences of fungal r RNA gene included ITS sequences .The five partial sequences of the five clones were aligned through the BLASTN phylogenetic analysis against NCBI database which revealed higher identities. The blast tree showed that all clones are neighbor joined to Aspergillus ssp and Pichia sp. These results led us to consider the clones as viable but non culturable fungi (VBNC fungi) like the common phenomenon found in some bacterial species

Venatorbacter cucullus gen. nov sp. nov a novel bacterial predator

A novel Gram-stain negative, aerobic, halotolerant, motile, rod-shaped, predatory bacterium ASxL5T, was isolated from a bovine slurry tank in Nottinghamshire, UK using Campylobacter hyointestinalis as prey. Other Campylobacter species and members of the Enterobacteriaceae were subsequently found to serve as prey. Weak axenic growth on Brain Heart Infusion agar was achieved upon subculture without host cells. The optimal growth conditions were 37°C, at pH 7. Transmission electron microscopy revealed some highly unusual morphological characteristics related to prey availability. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate was related to members of the Oceanospirillaceae family but could not be classified clearly as a member of any known genus. Whole genome sequencing of ASxL5T confirmed the relationship to members the Oceanospirillaceae. Database searches revealed that several ASxL5T share 16S rRNA gene sequences with several uncultured bacteria from marine, and terrestrial surface and subsurface water. We propose that strain ASxL5T represents a novel species in a new genus. We propose the name Venatorbacter cucullus gen. nov., sp. nov. with ASxL5T as the type strain

CO2 storage in depleted gas reservoirs: A study on the effect of residual gas saturation

Depleted gas reservoirs are recognized as the most promising candidate for carbon dioxide storage. Primary gas production followed by injection of carbon dioxide after depletion is the strategy adopted for secondary gas recovery and storage practices. This strategy, however, depends on the injection strategy, reservoir characteristics and operational parameters. There have been many studies to-date discussing critical factors influencing the storage performance in depleted gas reservoirs while little attention was given to the effect of residual gas. In this paper, an attempt was made to highlight the importance of residual gas on the capacity, injectivity, reservoir pressurization, and trapping mechanisms of storage sites through the use of numerical simulation. The results obtained indicated that the storage performance is proportionally linked to the amount of residual gas in the medium and reservoirs with low residual fluids are a better choice for storage purposes. Therefore, it would be wise to perform the secondary recovery before storage in order to have the least amount of residual gas in the medium. Although the results of this study are useful to screen depleted gas reservoirs for the storage purpose, more studies are required to confirm the finding presented in this paper

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Immunolocalization of neurokinin 1 receptor in WHO grade 4 astrocytomas, oral squamous cell and urothelial carcinoma

Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) induces inflammatory reactions in peripheral tissues but its regulatory effects in target tissues is dependent on receptor signalling. Substance P (SP) has a high affinity for the NK-1R, to which it binds preferentially. We aimed to investigate the expression of NK-1R in World Health Organization (WHO) grade 4 astrocytomas as well as in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and urothelial carcinoma, and its association with disease progression.The study included tissue samples from 19 brain astrocytomas, 40 OSCCs and 10 urothelial carcinomas. NK-1R expression was quantitatively assessed in the tumour cells using immunohistochemistry. The relationship between NK-1R expression in astrocytomas and recurrence-free interval has been explored.The results showed that the NK-1R was intensely expressed in patients with WHO grade 4 astrocytoma, OSCC and urothelial carcinoma. However, cases clinically diagnosed as a low-grade cancer showed reduced NK-1R expression.NK-1R is overexpressed in all cases of WHO grade 4 astrocytoma, OSCC and urothelial carcinoma. The ubi-quitous presence of SP/NK-1R complex during tumour development and progression suggests a possible therapeutic key strategy to use NK-1R antagonist as an adjuvant therapy in the future

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation