A Study of Oral Communication Strategies by Thai Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language

尽管泰国很多年之前就开设了与汉语教学有关的课程；尽管泰国有很多高校都开设了外语学科，其中开设得最多的外语学科是英语，汉语仅次于英语排名第二；尽管泰国拥有一批优秀的汉语教学人员，但是泰国高校的汉语专业毕业生“口语”水平较低这是一个显著问题。笔者在参考了一些第二语言学习者口语能力的研究资料后发现：有很多学者注重使用“交际策略”，认为交际策略可以帮助第二语言学习者解决因语言知识不足而产生的交际困难。 尽管国外在38年前就已经开始对交际策略进行研究，但在对外汉语教学界，这方面的理论成果还比较少，在泰国学生学习汉语这方面，交际策略的研究更是一片空白。因此，笔者通过理论与实践两个角度的对比，对泰国留学生...Among 19 foreign languages taught in Thai tertiary institutions, Chinese is the second foreign language that is very well-established in terms of human resources and educational system. However, it is found that graduate students have a problem in speaking Chinese. I have reviewed many studies about how to solve the problem and found that appropriate communication strategies (CSs) can help enhanc...学位：文学硕士院系专业：海外教育学院_语言学及应用语言学学号：2652007115406

Input of terrestrial organic matter linked to deglaciation increased mercury transport to the Svalbard fjords

Deglaciation has accelerated the transport of minerals as well as modern and ancient organic matter from land to fjord sediments in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, in the European Arctic Ocean. Consequently, such sediments may contain significant levels of total mercury (THg) bound to terrestrial organic matter. The present study compared THg contents in surface sediments from three fjord settings in Spitsbergen: Hornsund in the southern Spitsbergen, which has high annual volume of loss glacier and receives sediment from multiple tidewater glaciers, Dicksonfjorden in the central Spitsbergen, which receives sediment from glacifluvial rivers, and Wijdefjorden in the northern Spitsbergen, which receive sediments from a mixture of tidewater glaciers and glacifluvial rivers. Our results showed that the THg (52 +/- 15 ng g(-1)) bound to organic matter (OM) was the highest in the Hornsund surface sediments, where the glacier loss (0.44 km(3) yr(-1)) and organic carbon accumulation rates (9.3 similar to 49.4 g m(-2) yr(-1)) were elevated compared to other fjords. Furthermore, the delta C-13 (-27 similar to -24 parts per thousand) and delta S-34 values (-10 similar to 15 parts per thousand) of OM indicated that most of OM were originated from terrestrial sources. Thus, the temperature-driven glacial melting could release more OM originating from the meltwater or terrestrial materials, which are available for THg binding in the European Arctic fjord ecosystems.11Ysciescopu

Deterministic Relay Networks with State Information

Motivated by fading channels and erasure channels, the problem of reliable communication over deterministic relay networks is studied, in which relay nodes receive a function of the incoming signals and a random network state. An achievable rate is characterized for the case in which destination nodes have full knowledge of the state information. If the relay nodes receive a linear function of the incoming signals and the state in a finite field, then the achievable rate is shown to be optimal, meeting the cut-set upper bound on the capacity. This result generalizes on a unified framework the work of Avestimehr, Diggavi, and Tse on the deterministic networks with state dependency, the work of Dana, Gowaikar, Palanki, Hassibi, and Effros on linear erasure networks with interference, and the work of Smith and Vishwanath on linear erasure networks with broadcast.Comment: 5 pages, to appear in proc. IEEE ISIT, June 200

Cucurbitacin B Causes Increased Radiation Sensitivity of Human Breast Cancer Cells via G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest

Purpose. To explore the effects of cucurbitacin B on the radiation survival of human breast cancer cells and to elucidate the cellular mechanism of radiosensitization if any. Materials and Methods. Human breast carcinoma cell lines were treated with cucurbitacin B before irradiation with 0–10 Gy of 137Cs gamma rays. The effect of cucurbitacin B on cell-survival following irradiation was evaluated by colony-forming assay. Cell cycle distributions were investigated using flow cytometry. Real-time PCR and western blots were performed to investigate the expression of cell cycle checkpoints. Results. Cucurbitacin B inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Only MDA-MB-231 and MCF7:5C cells but not SKBR-3 cells were radiosensitized by cucurbitacin B. Flow cytometric analysis for DNA content indicated that cucurbitacin B resulted in G2/M arrest in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7:5C but not SKBR-3 cells. Moreover, Real-time PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated upregulated p21 expression before irradiation, a likely cause of the cell cycle arrest. Conclusion. Taken together, these findings suggest that cucurbitacin B causes radiosensitization of some breast cancer cells, and that cucurbitacin B induced G2/M arrest is an important mechanism. Therefore, combinations of cucurbitacin B with radiotherapy may be appropriate for experimental breast cancer treatment

Genetic Analysis of Shape in Trout, using image analysis

We used digital images of rainbow trout (lateral view) to fit an ellipse around the circumference of the fish. The values for L and H, obtained from the ellipse, were used to calculate ellipticity as (L-H)/(L+H), and the surface area of the fish as p*1/2 L*1/2H. Heritability of ellipticity and surface area at age 8 months was 0.23 and 0.21. Surface area had near-unity genetic correlation with body weight at same age. Genetic correlations of ellipticity with body weight and surface area were -0.55 and -0.56. Genetic correlation of ellipticity with harvest weight at 14 months was -0.49. Estimates of ellipticity are comparable with those of Nile tilapia and common sole. We conclude that when shape is important, ellipticity should be included in the breeding goal, with a weight that reflects the desired direction of change in shap

Breeding for robustness:investigating the genotype-by-environment interaction and micro-environmental sensitivity of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Robustness has become a highly desirable breeding goal in the globalized agricultural market. Both genotype‐by‐environment interaction (G × E) and micro‐environmental sensitivity are important robustness components of aquaculture production, in which breeding stock is often disseminated to different environments. The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the degree of G × E by assessing the growth performance of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) across three countries (Malaysia, India and China) and (ii) to quantify the genetic heterogeneity of environmental variance for body weight at harvest (BW) in GIFT as a measure of micro‐environmental sensitivity. Selection for BW was carried out for 13 generations in Malaysia. Subsets of 60 full‐sib families from Malaysia were sent to China and India after five and nine generations respectively. First, a multi‐trait animal model was used to analyse the BW in different countries as different traits. The results indicate a strong G × E. Second, a genetically structured environmental variance model, implemented using Bayesian inference, was used to analyse micro‐environmental sensitivity of BW in each country. The analysis revealed the presence of genetic heterogeneity of both BW and its environmental variance in all environments. The presence of genetic variation in residual variance of BW implies that the residual variance can be modified by selection. Incorporating both G × E and micro‐environmental sensitivity information may help in selecting robust genotypes with high performance across environments and resilience to environmental fluctuations

Immediate Surgical Repositioning Following Intrusive Luxation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

This report presents a case of severe intrusive luxation of mature maxillary lateral incisor in a 10-year-old boy. The intruded tooth was immediately repositioned (surgical extrusion) and splinted within 2 h following injury. Tetracycline therapy was initiated at the time of repositioning and maintained for 10 days. Pulp removal and calcium hydroxide treatment of the root canal was carried out after repositioning. Splint was removed 1 month later. Definitive root canal treatment with gutta percha was accomplished at the second month recall. Clinical and radiographic examination 28 months after the surgical extrusion revealed satisfactory apical and periodontal healing