Finding aid for Claude Adrian Guild Papers, (1939-1992)

Finding aid for the Claude Adrian Guild Papers, (1939-1992)

Methodological Aspects of Ethnic Entrepreneurship Traditional Forms Analysis

The article presents proven methodological approaches of traditional ethnic entrepreneurship forms study. The author stands on the positions of primordialism and considers the of ethnic entrepreneurship phenomenon on the base of fractal and network organization concepts. Ethnic entrepreneurship manifestations in the urban and rural environment are proposed to be considered in an organic relationship, as a process, that allows ethnos adaptation potential realization at all levels of social organization of ethnic minorities (from “households” to large trading firms), on the one hand. And, to integrate the primary institutions of the ethnos (fractals) into the system of regional and interregional economic (market) ties without the threat of losing ethnic identity, on the other hand. Special attention is paid to the ethnic economy place in the structure of ethnic processes (migration, adaptation, integration, consolidation, assimilation). This methodological approach allows us to consider ethnic entrepreneurship as a traditional economy structural element and a sociocultural phenomenon in statics. So, it is in dynamics, - as a manifestation of a multicomponent, hierarchically coordinated and latent (in form) process. According to the author, the actual ethnic economy should be attributed to the ethnic processes group. This allows you to expand the subject field of research in the field of social and applied anthropology (ethnology) significantly; to reach the level of scientific forecasting of the mechanism of interaction and interdependence of ethno-political and socio-economic processes

Customary Law in Subject Field of Ethnological Examinations

The article raises the question of the inclusion customary law in the subject field of ethnological examinations as a separate section devoted to functioning in the environment of the studied ethnic groups. The relevance of the development is the manifestation of this phenomenon as a sustained stabilization factor (regulator) of ethno-social situation in a number of subjects of the Russian Federation. In addition, there is an ambivalent attitude to this phenomenon by regional authorities. Based on the experience of the ethnological expertise formalization of primary data obtained during field work is proposed on the five key features, defining the place of customary law in current legal systems. The author focuses on the need for analysis of the interaction of two ethno-social processes: the conservation (formation) of social institutions which function is the regulation of social relations based on customary law and development of a wide range of forms of ethnic entrepreneurship. It is proved that the change in the subject area should be based on correction of research procedures and a list of key indicators in the model regulations for ethnological assessments

Ethnic Entrepreneurship Adaptation Models: to the Amshen Armenians of the Great Sochi Agglomeration Ethnic History

Amshen Armenians of the Black sea coast of the Caucasus ethnic entrepreneurship models are the object of study. The relevance of the development is determined by the need to study: a) the ethnic structure of the population of the South of Russia the formation of history and genesis; b) the system of interethnic communication at certain stages of historical development. The analysis of the phenomenon of ethnic entrepreneurship and its local manifestations is carried out on the basis of historiographical sources and field research materials. The author focuses on the problems of allocation of adaptive models of entrepreneurship, the Genesis of this phenomenon and the nature of its impact on the system of intra - and inter-ethnic communications. The problem of interrelation between entrepreneurial activity and preservation of traditional economic specialization and ethnic self-identification is touched upon. The intermediate results of the research reflect both universal and unique (ethnic, group) adaptive forms of ethnic entrepreneurship manifestations and its importance for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage

Microencapsulated fluorescent pH probe as implantable sensor for monitoring the physiological state of fish embryos

In vivo physiological measurement is a major challenge in modern science and technology, as is environment conservation at the global scale. Proper toxicological testing of widely produced mixtures of chemicals is a necessary step in the development of new products, allowing us to minimize the human impact on aquatic ecosystems. However, currently available bioassay-based techniques utilizing small aquatic organisms such as fish embryos for toxicity testing do not allow assessing in time the changes in physiological parameters in the same individual. In this study, we introduce microencapsulated fluorescent probes as a promising tool for in vivo monitoring of internal pH variation in zebrafish embryos. The pH alteration identified under stress conditions demonstrates the applicability of the microencapsulated fluorescent probes for the repeated analysis of the embryo’s physiological state. The proposed approach has strong potential to simultaneously measure a range of physiological characteristics using a set of specific fluorescent probes and to finally bring toxicological bioassays and related research fields to a new level of effectiveness and sensitivity

Parallel in vivo monitoring of pH in gill capillaries and muscles of fishes using microencapsulated biomarkers

Tracking physiological parameters in different organs within the same organism simultaneously and in real time can provide an outstanding representation of the organism's physiological status. The state-ofthe-Art technique of using encapsulated fluorescent molecular probes (microencapsulated biomarkers) is a unique tool that can serve as a platform for the development of new methods to obtain in vivo physiological measurements and is applicable to a broad range of organisms. Here, we describe a novel technique to monitor the pH of blood inside the gill capillaries and interstitial fluid of muscles by using microencapsulated biomarkers in a zebrafish model. The functionality of the proposed technique is shown by the identification of acidification under anesthesia-induced coma and after death. The pH in muscles reacts to hypoxia faster than that in the gill bloodstream, which makes both parameters applicable as markers of either local or bodily reactions

Immobilisation of bifidobacteria in biodegradable food-grade microparticles

The present research features a natural polymer that can be used for immobilisation of bifidobacteria as well as a method of immobilisation. We described a modified method of microencapsulation of probiotics using sodi- um alginate. The experiment studied the effect of encapsulation on probiotic stability and involved an in vitro model of human digestive tract. The test sample of microencapsulated Bifi obacterium bifi um 791 showed a decrease in the activity from 3.0×107 to 2.2×105 CFU/ml in a mouse model with pH 1.2. By contrast, the control sample, unprotected by biodegradable polymer microcapsules, demonstrated a higher death rate of bifidobacteria: from 2.6×108 CFU/ml to 5.0×103 CFU/ml. The control sample demonstrated the same downward trend in in vitro gastrointestinal models with pH values of 4.5, 6.8, 7.2, and 5.8. Because the total plate count fell down to 4.0l g CFU/ml in acidity gradients, the titres of the initial microencapsulated biomass had to be increased up to > 109 CFU/ml. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy, the new type of microcapsules obtained by using a resistant starch had a closed sur- face. Prebiotics increased the resistance of bacteria to low pH and bile salts. Bifidobacteria encapsulated with natural biodegradable polymers proved to be well-tolerated and harmless for mice. The experiment revealed that biodegrad- able polymer microcapsules did not cause any chronic or acute toxicity when administered orally at 2×107 CFU per 1 gram of animal mass. The microcapsules demonstrated neither dermonecrotic properties nor any irritant effect on the ocular mucosa and, thus, can be used for food enforcement