A GERAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS POR CURTUMES E ALTERNATIVAS DE TRATAMENTO E REÚSO

As atividades industriais geram resíduos de formas variadas que, predominantemente, apresentam um elevado grau de poluição, tendo, na maioria das vezes, os aterros industriais como disposição final. A indústria do couro é uma grande geradora de resíduos industriais, os quais apresentam volume residual da pele e de cromo, do couro curtido e do tratamento dos efluentes gerados durante a produção. Aterrar resíduos de curtume, além de um potencial risco de contaminação ambiental, gera gastos e resulta em desperdício de material potencialmente reaproveitável. Diante da necessidade de alerta e alternativas ao aterramento desses resíduos, tratamentos para a remoção do cromo, através de processos físico-químicos e biológicos, são indicados para o reaproveitamento do material. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a literatura científica em busca das informações consagradas sobre as diferentes metodologias aplicadas na recuperação do resíduo. Há uma inclinação pela adoção de técnicas que removem o cromo de efluentes e do lodo de curtume para seu melhor reaproveitamento e incorporação em diversos setores produtivos

Electrochemical feasibility study of methyl parathion determination on graphite-modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode

A low-cost electrochemical method was developed for the determination of trace-level of methyl parathion (MP) based on the properties of graphite-modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (graphite-bppg). A combination of graphite-bppg with square-wave voltammetric (SWV) analysis resulted in an original, sensitive and selective electrochemical method for determination of MP pesticide in drinking water. The electrode was constructed and the electrochemical behavior of MP was studied. Immobilization is achieved via film modification from dispersing graphite powder in deionized water and through pipeting a small volume onto the electrode surface allowing the solvent to volatilize. The strong affinity of the graphite modifier for the phosphorous group of the MP allowed the deposition of a significant amount of MP in less than 60 seconds. The cyclic voltammetric results indicate that the graphite-bppg electrode can enhance sensitivity in current intensity towards the quasi-reversible redox peaks of the products of the cathodic reduction of the nitro group at negative potential (peak I = 0.077 V and peak II = -0.062 V) and that the cathodic irreversible peak (peak III = -0.586 V) in comparison with bare bppg electrode and is also adsorption controlled process. Under optimized conditions, the concentration range and detection limit for MP pesticide are respectively 79.0 to 263.3 μmol L-1 and 3.00 μmol L-1. The proposed method was successfully applied to MP determination in drinking water and the performance of this electrochemical sensor has been evaluated in terms of analytical figures of merit.Um método eletroquímico de baixo custo foi desenvolvido para a determinação de traços de metil paration (MP) baseado nas propriedades do eletrodo de grafite pirolítico de plano basal modificado com grafite (grafite-bppg). A combinação do grafite-bppg com voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ) resultou em um método eletroquímico seletivo, sensível e original para a determinação do pesticida MP em água potável. O eletrodo foi construído e o comportamento eletroquímico do MP foi estudado. A imobilização foi feita através de modificação por formação de filme a partir da dispersão de pó de grafite em água destilada e através de pipetagem de um volume pequeno sobre a superfície do eletrodo, permitindo que o solvente volatilizasse. A forte afinidade do modificador grafite com o grupo fósforo do MP permitiu o depósito de uma quantidade significativa de MP em menos de 60 segundos. Os resultados de voltametria cíclica mostraram que o eletrodo de grafite-bppg pode aumentar a sensibilidade na intensidade de corrente para os picos redox quasi-reversíveis dos produtos da redução catódica do grupo nitro em potencial negativo (pico I = 0,077 V e o pico II = -0,062 V) e para o pico catódico irreversível (pico III = -0,586 V) em comparação com o eletrodo não modificado bppg e que o processo é também controlado por adsorção. Sob condições otimizadas, o intervalo de concentração e limite de detecção para o pesticida MP são 79,0 a 263,3 μmol L-1 e 3,00 μmol L-1, respectivamente. O método proposto foi aplicado com sucesso → determinação do MP em água potável e o desempenho deste sensor eletroquímico foi avaliado em termos de figuras de mérito analíticas

SENSITIVE MULTIRESIDUE QUANTIFICATION OF PROCYMIDONE AND TEBUTHIURON ON CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE BY DIFFERENTIAL-PULSE VOLTAMMETRY

Qualitative electrochemical characterization of procymidone (PRO) and tebuthiuron (TBH) was carried out by cyclic voltammetry using a carbon paste electrode. The studies suggest that analyte mass transfer is controlled by diffusion, and that oxidation of PRO and TBH occurs by means of irreversible electronic transfer of one electron. Oxidation of PRO and TBH occurs close to +0.820 V and +1.075 V (vs. Ag|AgCl, KCl 3.0 mol L-1), respectively, in a 0.1-M KOH solution as supporting electrolyte. Quantitative analyses were carried out by differential-pulse voltammetry, a technique which is more sensitive and selective. Detection and quantification limits were determined for PRO and TBH in the absence of matrix, in a potable-water matrix, and in a nonpotable-water matrix, for which the ranges of reproducibility, intermediate precision and recovery rates were (1.01 and 4.20 %), (4.08 and 9.56 %), and (90.6 and 115 %) for PRO, and (1.59 and 3.92 %), (4.84 and 7.46 %), and (91.3 and 119 %), for TBH, respectively. The results indicate that the new method is selective, simple and cheap to simultaneously quantify PRO and TBH in water samples

Aplicação do modelo de Scheffé no sistema de microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva de baixa densidade em amostra de soro de ruminantes para determinação de ácido linoleico / Application of the Scheffé model in the low-density dispersive liquid-liquid microextration system in a serum sample of ruminants for the determination of linoleic acid

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a triagem de uma técnica para a extração de lipídios e esterificação do ácido linoleico, contido no soro sanguíneo de ruminantes, aplicando o modelo polinomial de Scheffé na determinação das proporções de solventes utilizados na técnica de Microextração Líquido-Líquido Dispersiva de Baixa Densidade (LDS DLLME). Os solventes tolueno, metanol e solução salina aquosa de cloreto de magnésio 0,017% (m/v) foram selecionados para extração do ácido linoleico na técnica LDS DLLME. Após a extração, o ácido linoleico foi esterificado e analisado por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização em chamas (GC-FID). O modelo polinomial de Scheffé foi aplicado aos dados cromatográficos e o modelo cúbico completo (MCC) representou de maneira eficiente as informações do sistema químico. Os parâmetros e superfície de resposta obtidos indicaram que a melhor condição de extração de ácido linoleico do soro foi: 20,50 % (v/v) de tolueno, 39,75% (v/v) de metanol e 39,75 % (v/v) de solução salina aquosa de MgCl2 0,017 % (m/v).

Chelating effect of carvacrol and the oregano essential oil

Essential oils are natural products obtained from parts of plants by means of steam distillation. They are also made by expression of citrus fruit pericarp [1]. Because they are a complex mixture of chemical components, they exert innumerable biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antitumor, antioxidant, among others. Because of the public demand for products of natural origin in different segments of society, essential oils have gained space, mainly in the food industries, where natural preservatives are sought that can replace or be associated with the synthetic additives used. One of the desirable properties of preservatives is their ability to interact with metal ions, such as iron, by exerting a chelating effect to inhibit lipid oxidation reactions catalyzed by these ions [2]. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chelating effect of oregano essential oil and its major constituent, carvacrol, by cyclic voltammetry. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation over a period of 2 hours using a modified Clevenger apparatus and characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric and flame ionization detectors. For the determination of the chelating effect, an electrochemical cell containing 0.05 mol L-1 of anhydrous Na2SO4 was used as the supporting electrolyte, and FeSO4.5H2O 0.00150 mol L-1 was the source of ferrous ions. Three electrodes were employed: Ag/AgCl (saturated in KCl) electrode was the reference, a platinum wire was the auxiliary, and glassy carbon was the working electrode. The determination of the chelating effect was performed by calculating the variation of the height of the ferrous oxidation peak with the increase in the concentrations of carvacrol and the essential oil. The essential oil from oregano contained terpinen-4-ol, carvacrol, trans-sabinene hydrate and γ-terpinene as the principal constituents. A reduction in the ferrous anodic current of 99.5 and 89% after the addition of 500 μg mL-1 of carvacrol and oregano oil, respectively, was observed, thus indicating the occurrence of a chelating effect of oregano essential oil and its constituent carvacrol

Analysis of sulfamethoxazole by square wave voltammetry using new carbon paste electrode

In this work a new model of carbon paste electrode was employed to determine sulfamethoxazole (SMX), an antibiotic used to treat infections in human and veterinary medicine, by the square wave voltammetric modality (SWV). More specifically, the elec­trochemical behavior of SMX was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the quantitative analysis of SMX was provided by SWV. The analytical curve was obtained with a linear correlation coefficient (r) of 0.985 and standard deviation (SD) of 0.005 μA. Limits of detection and quantification were found as 2.3×10-6 and 7.7×10-6 mol L-1, respectively. According to the obtained results, the new carbon paste prototype electrode can successfully be employed in this kind of electroanalytical applications

Determination of Tetradifon in Brazilian Green Bell Pepper by Differential Pulse Voltammetry

Tetradifon, a potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic pesticide, can contribute to environmental and human contamination when applied to green bell pepper crops. In this context, in this work, a reliable and sensitive method for determination of tetradifon in Brazilian green bell pepper samples involving a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique on a glassy carbon electrode is proposed. The electrochemical behavior of tetradifon as followed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) suggests that its reduction occurs via an irreversible five-electron transfer vs. Ag vertical bar AgCl, KCl 3 M reference electrode. Very well-resolved diffusion controlled voltammetric peaks have been obtained in a supporting electrolyte solution composed of a mixture of 40% dimethylformamide (DMF), 30% methanol, and 30% NaOH 0.3 mol L-1 at -1.43, -1.57, -1.73, -1.88, and -2.05 V. The proposed DPV method has a good linear response in the 3.00 - 10.0 mu mol L-1 range, with a limit of detection (L.O.D) of 0.756 mu mol L-1 and 0.831 mu mol L-1 in the absence and in the presence of the matrix, respectively. Moreover, improved L.O.D results (0.607 mu mol L-1) have been achieved in the absence of DMF from the supporting electrolyte solution. Recovery has been evaluated in five commercial green bell pepper samples, and recovery percentages ranging from 91.0 to 109 have been obtained for tetradifon determinations. The proposed voltammetric method has also been tested for reproducibility, repeatability, and potential interferents, and the results obtained for these three analytical parameters are satisfactory for electroanalytical purposes. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.024207jes] All rights reserved.Federal University of Vicosa (UFV)Federal University of Vicosa (UFV)Federal University of Vicosa (UFV), Department of ChemistryFederal University of Vicosa (UFV), Department of ChemistryCNPqCNPqFAPEMIGFAPEMI

Analytical Methods Employed at Quality Control of Fuel Ethanol

The existence of organic and inorganic contaminants present in both fossil and biomass fuels and the fact that they can provide undesirable effects (environmental problems, corrosion processes, lead to storage instability, and others) implies a rigorous quality control of these fuels, although these contaminants make up a small part of the final fuel composition. Considering the rising importance of fuel ethanol in the worldwide panorama, this review aims at reporting the use of successful alternative analytical methods in the monitoring of organic and inorganic contaminants at trace levels, used to determine and to quantify these substances in fuel ethanol and also presenting all official norms for quality control of fuel ethanol employed by ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Norms), ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), and ECS (European Committee for Standardization)

Determinação de zinco em álcool combustível opr voltametria de redissolução anódica

A presença de metais pesados em álcool combustível origina-se na produção e armazenamento do álcool etílico, constituindo uma contaminação inorgânica. A análise quantitativa deste contaminante tem sido usualmente monitorada empregando-se técnicas convencionais de análise tal como espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Tendo em vista a alta sensibilidade das técnicas voltamétricas de redissolução anódica para a quantificação de metais e que poucos estudos foram realizados para este tipo de matriz, este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia eletroanalítica para a determinação de zinco em álcool combustível. A determinação eletroquímica para o zinco em meio aquoso utilizando-se a modalidade de varredura linear exibe uma corrente de pico anódica em um potencial de -1,12 V vs. ECS, apresentando uma dependência linear em relação à concentração de zinco no intervalo de 5,0x10-7 a 5,0x10-6 mol.L-1 com uma sensibilidade amperométrica de 1,2x10(6) miA.mol-1.L e um limite de detecção de 2,6x10-7 mol.L-1. A análise de íons zinco em amostra comercial de álcool combustível foi determinada pela adição de 200 miL de amostra em um volume final de 20 mL de eletrólito-suporte, sendo obtida a concentração de zinco na amostra pelo método de adição de padrão com um valor correspondente a 5,7± 0,19x10-5 mol.L-1 em zinco.The presence of heavy metals in fuel ethanol is obtained in different steps as production and storage of ethanol, constituting an inorganic contamination. Quantitative analysis of these contaminants has been usually carried out by conventional techniques as atomic absorption spectrofotometry. According to high sensibility of stripping voltammetric techniques for quantification of heavy metals and a few number of realized works for this kind of matrix, the aim of this work was to develop an electroanalytical procedure for zinc determination in fuel ethanol. Electrochemical determination for zinc in aqueous media by linear sweep voltammetry exhibited an anodic peak current in a potential of -1,12V vs. SCE, presenting linear dependence against zinc concentration in an interval of 5,0x10-7 to 5,0x10-6 mol.L-1 with an amperommetric sensibility of 1,2x10(6) muA.mol-1.L and a detection limit of 2,6x10-7 mol.L-1. Zinc determination in fuel ethanol commercial sample was obtained by addiction of 200 mL of sample in a final volume of 20 mL of supporting electrolite. The concentration of zinc in the sample was obtained by standard addiction method, presenting a value of 5,7± 0,19x10-5 mol.L-1 in zinc.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP