Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-MMT Nanocomposite for Antibacterial Activity Studies

ZnO oxide Nanoparticle and ZnO oxide with Montmorillonite nanocomposite were prepared by an environmentally friendly, efficient, and  inexpensive method that was synthesized using the chemical method. ZnO nanoparticles as an effective antibacterial material were immobilized on the surface of montmorillonite (MMT). The objectives of this paper are to summarize our research activities in (a) developing processes to dispersenanomaterials (undoped and doped zinc oxide powders) in the polymers matrix, (b) using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques to characterize polymer matrix structures, (c) studying structure-property relationship of these types of new materials, and (d) evaluating the antibacterial performance of these materials for different applications. The results showed that the ZnO nanocomposite was uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix and the particles remained their average size (20 - 150 nm) before incorporation into the polymer matrix. Keywords: Zinc Oxide nanoparticle, Montmorillonite, FTIR, Antibacterial activit

Assessment of threatened status, phytochemical composition and biological properties of three Aconitum species from Kashmir Himalaya - India

Genus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) is represented by 6–8 species from Kashmir Himalaya.  Traditionally Aconitum species are used to treat a wide array of diseases, but their ethnopharmacological validation and phytochemistry are hitherto unreported from Kashmir Himalaya. The present study was undertaken to bring insights into the traditional use and distribution pattern of three Aconitum species from the region. An ethnobotany-directed approach was employed to study the conservation status of three Aconitum species. Their phytochemical profiles and biological properties were screened under in vitro conditions. Folin–ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride assays were employed to measure their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, respectively. Plant extracts were evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Three Aconitum species, viz. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf and Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. ex Holmes showed dwindling conservation status in Kashmir Himalaya. Aconitum extracts showed significant variations in total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant activity of Aconitum chasmanthum methanolic extract was studied to be comparatively higher (80.115%). Aconitum chasmanthum DCM & methanolic extracts showed a good MIC value of 0.125 mg/ml against Candida albicans and Streptococus pyogenes, respectively. The percent inhibition of NLRP inflammasome was found significant in Aconitum violaceum ethyl acetate extract (74.61%). The present study revealed that Aconitum species are constantly declining at least in investigated habitats of Kashmir Himalaya and hence need strategic conservation planning. The results also emphasized the utility of Aconitum species as an antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent that could be used to manage various health problems

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Ashyranthus aspera Extract for Antimicrobial Activity Studies

Development of biologically inspired experimental processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is evolving into an important branch of nanotechnology. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials has been increasingly gaining popularity due to its eco-friendly nature and cost-effectiveness. In the present study, we were synthesized silver (Ag) nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of fresh leaves of Ashyranthus aspera medicinal plants as bio-reducing agents. UV-Vis spectrometer used to monitor the reduction of Ag ions and the formation of AgNPs in the medium. UV-Vis spectra and visual observation showed that the color of the fresh leaf extracts of Ashyranthus aspera turned into grayish-brown respectively, after treatment with Ag precursors. XRD and SEM have been used to investigate the morphology of prepared AgNPs. The peaks in the XRD pattern are associated with that of the Face-Centered-Cubic (FCC) form of metallic silver. TGA/DTA results associated with weight loss and exothermic reaction due to the desorption of chemisorbed water. FTIR was performed to identify the functional groups which form a layer covering AgNPs and stabilize the AgNPs in the medium. Moreover, silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of Ashyranthus aspera were separately tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and Gram-negative bacteria ( Enterobacter ). The results showed that the bacterial growth was inhibited by the extracts containing AgNPs Nanoparticles. The biosynthesized nanoparticle was prepared from Ashyranthus aspera leaf extracts exhibits potential applications as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-MMT Nanocomposite for Antibacterial Activity Studies

ZnO oxide Nanoparticle and ZnO oxide with Montmorillonite nanocomposite were prepared by an environmentally friendly, efficient, and inexpensive method that was synthesized using the chemical method. ZnO nanoparticles as an effective antibacterial material were immobilized on the surface of montmorillonite (MMT). The objectives of this paper are to summarize our research activities in (a) developing processes to disperse nanomaterials (undoped and doped zinc oxide powders) in the polymers matrix, (b) using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques to characterize polymer matrix structures, (c) studying structure-property relationship of these types of new materials, and (d) evaluating the antibacterial performance of these materials for different applications. The results showed that the ZnO nanocomposite was uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix and the particles remained their average size (20 - 150 nm) before incorporation into the polymer matrix

Online prediction of DGA results for intelligent condition monitoring of power transformers

Transformers form a major part of a power system in transmission as well as distribution of power. Considering the criticality, finance, and time involved in repair, periodic condition monitoring and maintenance of transformers are the key to ensure electrical safety as well as stable operation of the large interconnected power system. Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is an established tool used to determine the incipient faults within the transformer by analyzing the concentration of different gases in the transformer oil and giving early warnings and diagnoses. Currently, transformers worldwide utilise online sensors to monitor dissolved gases and moisture content in oil. The online DGA sensor uses a small amount of oil from transformer to perform real-time DGA analysis and gives the ppm content of dissolved gases for further course of action. Considering the large quantity of assets and the huge amount of data produced, it is imperative to develop a tool to aid the operators in assimilating the available data for diagnosis and proactive decision making. The present study improvises AI techniques to predict future dissolved gas concentrations using real time DGA data collected from the transmission utility of the country. The prediction helps to forecast the trend of development of incipient faults in the transformer. The complete project scope is to develop a highly reliable diagnostic tool to emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert in transformer DGA analysis to enhance transformer life. In the present paper, models based on Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Vector Auto Regression (VAR) are implemented to predict DGA data of three in-service transformers. DGA data is forecasted for up to 8 monthly samples in the future, and the accuracy of results is compared with each other. The LSTM-VAR combined model is seen to provide the best results among them

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Broussonetia papyrifera Fruits

Fruits of Broussonetia papyrifera from South China were analyzed for their total chemical composition, and antioxidant activities in ethanol and aqueous extracts. In the fruit of this plant, the crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates was 7.08%, 3.72% and 64.73% of dry weight, respectively. The crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates were 15.71%, 20.51% and 36.09% of dry weight, respectively. Fatty acid and amino acid composition of the fruit were analyzed. Unsaturated fatty acid concentration was 70.6% of the total fatty acids. The percentage of the essential amino acids (EAAs) was 40.60% of the total amino acids. Furthermore, B. papyrifera fruit are rich in many mineral elements and vitamins. Total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, whereas antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring the ability of the two extracts to scavenge DPPH radicals, inhibit peroxidation, and chelate ferric ions. Their reducing power was also assessed. Results indicated that the aqueous extract of B. papyrifera was a more potent reducing agent and radical-scavenger than the ethanol extract. GC–MS analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of some acid-containing compounds. The changes in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in B. papyrifera from four different regions grown under normal conditions were assessed. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was positively associated with their total phenolic content. These results suggest that the fruit of B. papyrifera could be used in dietary supplement preparations, or as a food additive, for nutritional gain, or to prevent oxidation in food products

Effect of Skin Wine Pomace and Sulfite on Protein Oxidation in Beef Patties During High Oxygen Atmosphere Storage

Meat storage in high oxygen atmosphere has been reported to induce protein oxidation reactions decreasing meat quality. The incorporation of antioxidants has been proposed to reduce the extent of these reactions. In this study, the ability of red and white skin wine pomaces as well as sulfites to inhibit protein oxidation were tested in beef patties stored for up to 15 days at 4 °C in a high oxygen atmosphere (70 % O2 and 30 % CO2). SO2 (300 ppm) effectively protected against protein oxidation measured as radical formation by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, as thiol loss by the DTNB assay and as myosin heavy chain (MHC) disulfide crosslinking by SDS-PAGE. Pomace from red wine production with a total phenol of 9.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/g protected against protein radical formation and against MHC crosslinking, but not against thiol loss by addition of 2.0 % (w/w) to the beef patties. Pomace from white wine production with a total phenol of 4.0 mg gallic acid equivalent/g only protected against MHC cross-linking. For both types of wine pomace, protein modifications not seen for sulfite addition were observed and were proposed to involve covalent phenol addition to proteins. Red wine pomace may be an alternative to sulfite as a meat additive for protection of beef patties against protein oxidation.Autonomous Government of Castilla y León through the research projects (BU268A11-2 and BU282U13) and the Danish Council for Independent Research |Technology and Production within the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation for granting the project entitled: BAntioxidant mechanisms of natural phenolic compounds against protein cross-link formation in meat and meat systems^ (11-117033)

Exploring the Intersection of VR, AI, and Human Rights in Mental Healthcare: A Critical Analysis of India's Mental Healthcare Act, 2017

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/H9W3N Exploring the Psychology of Immersion in Virtual Reality for Youth Empowerment through Life Skill Training and Attitude Change. Jishamol Thomas, PhD Research Scholar, Department of Social Work, Christ University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2912-9188 Abstract: This article explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) in empowering youth through life-skill training and attitude change. VR can create emotional responses through immersive nature, leading to positive attitudes and behaviour change. However, ethical considerations and best practices must be followed to mitigate potential risks. As technology advances, VR's potential for youth empowerment is expected to grow, offering innovative solutions to traditional teaching and attitude change methods. This article emphasizes the importance of leveraging the psychology of immersion in VR for youth empowerment. Virtual reality (VR) technology has advanced significantly in recent years, offering users immersive experiences that can transport them to a virtual world. The concept of immersion is a critical component of VR, as it refers to how the user feels like they are part of the virtual environment. This article aims to overview the psychology of immersion in virtual reality by discussing its definition, measurement, and underlying mechanisms. It also examines the potential implications of immersion in VR for mental health and well-being. The concept of immersion in virtual reality (VR) is a critical aspect of the technology, as it determines how much users feel like they are part of the virtual environment. This sense of immersion can be created through various stimuli, such as visual and auditory cues, haptic feedback, and interactive elements. The implications of immersion in VR are significant, with potential impacts on industries such as entertainment, education, and healthcare. Measuring immersion in VR is a complex process that involves multiple factors, including sensory perception, attention, and cognitive functions. Immersion in VR can positively and negatively affect mental health and well-being. As VR technology continues to evolve, understanding the psychology of immersion in VR is crucial for creating more effective VR experiences and maximizing the benefits of this cutting-edge technology. Keywords: Immersion, Virtual Reality, Stimuli, Visual, Auditory, Haptic Feedback, Interactive Elements, Entertainment, Education, Healthcare, Measurement, Sensory Perception, Attention, Cognitive Processes, Mental Health, Well-Being, Technology, Psychology. Spanish: Este artículo explora el potencial de la realidad virtual (VR) para empoderar a los jóvenes mediante la formación en habilidades para la vida y el cambio de actitudes. La VR puede generar respuestas emocionales gracias a su naturaleza inmersiva, lo que puede conducir a actitudes positivas y cambios de comportamiento. Sin embargo, es necesario seguir consideraciones éticas y mejores prácticas para mitigar los posibles riesgos. A medida que la tecnología avanza, se espera que el potencial de la VR para el empoderamiento juvenil crezca, ofreciendo soluciones innovadoras a los métodos de enseñanza y cambio de actitudes tradicionales. Este artículo hace hincapié en la importancia de aprovechar la psicología de la inmersión en la VR para el empoderamiento juvenil. La tecnología de realidad virtual (VR) ha avanzado significativamente en los últimos años, ofreciendo a los usuarios experiencias inmersivas que pueden transportarlos a un mundo virtual. El concepto de inmersión es un componente crítico de la VR, ya que se refiere a cómo el usuario siente que es parte del entorno virtual. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una visión general de la psicología de la inmersión en la realidad virtual, discutiendo su definición, medición y mecanismos subyacentes. También examina las posibles implicaciones de la inmersión en la VR para la salud mental y el bienestar. El concepto de inmersión en la realidad virtual (VR) es un aspecto crítico de la tecnología, ya que determina en qué medida los usuarios sienten que forman parte del entorno virtual. Este sentido de inmersión se puede crear mediante diversos estímulos, como señales visuales y auditivas, retroalimentación háptica y elementos interactivos. Las implicaciones de la inmersión en la VR son significativas, con posibles impactos en sectores como el entretenimiento, la educación y la salud. La medición de la inmersión en la VR es un proceso complejo que implica múltiples factores, como la percepción sensorial, la atención y las funciones cognitivas. La inmersión en la VR puede afectar positiva y negativamente la salud mental y el bienestar. A medida que la tecnología de la VR continúa evolucionando, comprender la psicología de la inmersión en la VR es crucial para crear experiencias de VR más efectivas y maximizar los beneficios de esta tecnología de vanguardia. Palabras clave: Inmersión, Realidad Virtual, Estímulos, Visual, Auditivo, Retroalimentación háptica, Elementos interactivos, Entretenimiento, Educación, Salud, Medición, Percepción sensorial, Atención, Procesos cognitivos, Salud mental, Bienestar, Tecnología, Psicología. Introduction: Virtual reality (VR) has become a popular medium for providing immersive experiences to users, allowing them to feel fully present in a computer-generated environment. As technology advances, VR has shown the potential to empower youth through life-skill training and changing attitudes. This article explores the psychology of immersion in VR and how it can be leveraged to empower youth through life-skill training and attitude change. Virtual reality technology has become increasingly popular in recent years, providing users with a sense of presence in a computer-generated environment. The concept of immersion is a critical component of VR, as it refers to how the user feels like they are part of the virtual environment. Immersion in VR is achieved through various factors, such as visual and auditory stimuli, haptic feedback, and interactive elements. This article aims to overview the psychology of immersion in virtual reality by discussing its definition, measurement, and underlying mechanisms. It also examines the potential implications of immersion in VR for mental health and well-being. Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology that has gained immense popularity recently. It involves using computer-generated environments to create a sense of presence and immersion for the user. Immersion is a fundamental component of VR that refers to the extent to which the user feels part of the virtual environment. The more immersive the VR experience, the more the user feels transported to the virtual world and feels like they naturally interact with the environment. The concept of immersion in VR has significant implications for various industries, such as entertainment, education, healthcare, and more. In the gaming industry, immersive VR experiences provide users with a more engaging and interactive gameplay experience. In education, VR can create simulations that allow learners to experience situations that would be impossible to recreate in real life. In healthcare, VR can be used to develop medical simulations that aid in training healthcare professionals and providing patients with more personalized care. The concept of immersion in VR interests researchers in various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and computer science. Understanding the psychology of immersion in VR is crucial for creating more immersive VR experiences and optimizing the benefits of VR technology. This article aims to overview the psychology of immersion in virtual reality by discussing its definition, measurement, and underlying mechanisms. It also examines the potential implications of immersion in VR for mental health and well-being. VR's sense of immersion results from its ability to create a convincing illusion of presence in a virtual environment. This illusion is created by stimulating the user's senses, including visual, auditory, and sometimes haptic feedback, making sense of being "in" the virtual environment. This sense of presence can lead to a heightened emotional response, leading to changes in attitudes and behaviour. In the context of empowering youth through life skill training, VR can provide a safe and engaging environment for learning and practising new skills. For example, a VR simulation that teaches financial management skills can give young people hands-on experience, enabling them to apply mathematical concepts in real-life situations. This immersive and interactive training can improve learning outcomes and prepare young people for the challenges they may face in their personal and professional lives. Attitude change is another area where VR has shown potential. The immersive nature of VR can create empathy and understanding, leading to a more positive attitude towards certain groups or issues. For example, a VR simulation that puts the user in the shoes of a marginalized person can create a greater sense of empathy and understanding, leading to a more positive attitude towards that group. Studies have shown that VR-based attitude change interventions can be highly effective, with users reporting changes in attitudes and behaviours even after the VR experience has ended. In conclusion, VR's immersive nature can potentially empower youth through life skill training and attitude change. By providing a safe and engaging environment for learning and creating emotional responses that can lead to changes in attitudes and behaviours, VR can be a powerful tool for preparing young people for future challenges. However, it is essential to ensure that VR is guided by ethical principles and best practices to realise its benefits while mitigating potential risks. The Psychology of Immersion in VR: The sense of immersion that VR provides stems from the technology's ability to create a convincing illusion of presence in a virtual environment. This illusion is created through sensory inputs, including visual, auditory, and sometimes haptic feedback. The level of immersion experienced by the user can vary depending on several factors, including the quality of the technology, the level of interactivity, and the user's willingness to suspend disbelief. Studies have shown that the immersive nature of VR can create a robust emotional response in users, eliciting feelings of presence, empathy, and engagement. This emotional response can also lead to changes in attitudes and behaviour, making VR a potentially powerful tool for empowering youth through life skill training and attitude change. Several factors, including the simulation's content and design, influence the level of immersion in VR. Using interactive and engaging content that allows user exploration and experimentation can enhance the sense of presence and increase the potential for attitude change and empowerment. Interacting with objects and characters within the virtual environment can also create a sense of agency and control, further increasing engagement and investment in the experience. The psychological mechanisms underlying the immersive effects of VR can be explained through theories of presence and embodiment. Presence refers to the subjective feeling of being in a virtual environment, while embodiment refers to the surface of being present in a virtual body. These experiences can create a sense of identification with the virtual environment and characters, leading to emotional responses that can impact attitudes and behaviour. In addition to the immersive effects of VR, life skill training through VR can also provide unique advantages over traditional training methods. VR-based training can provide a safe and controlled environment for learning and practising skills, allowing for repeated and varied experiences without the risk of real-world consequences. The use of VR can also allow for personalized and adaptive training that can be tailored to the individual needs and abilities of each user. Overall, the potential for VR to empower youth through life skill training and attitude change is a promising area of research and development. As technology continues to advance and become more accessible, it is essential to explore the psychological mechanisms underlying the immersive effects of VR and to develop practical and ethical approaches to its use in education and empowerment. Empowering Youth through Life Skill Training: Life skill training is an essential component of youth empowerment, providing young people with practical skills that enable them to navigate the challenges of daily life. VR can provide an effective platform for delivering life skill training in a safe and immersive environment. For example, a VR simulation that teaches financial management skills can provide hands-on experience, enabling young people to apply mathematical concepts in real-life situations. Studies have shown that using VR in life skill training can be highly effective in improving learning outcomes. A study by the University of Michigan found that students who received VR-based training in communication skills showed significant improvement compared to those who received traditional classroom training. Moreover, VR can provide a personalized learning experience, allowing young people to learn at their own pace and in a way that suits their learning style. This can be particularly beneficial for those who struggle with traditional classroom-based learning or have limited access to educational resources. Life skill training through VR can also promote self-efficacy, a key component of youth empowerment. By providing young people with the tools and knowledge to navigate challenges, they are better equipped to take control of their lives and make informed decisions. Furthermore, life skill training through VR can also help address societal issues, such as social inequality, by providing young people from marginalized backgrounds access to resources and training they may not otherwise have had. This can help to break down barriers and promote social mobility, contributing to a more empowered and inclusive society. In conclusion, VR and life skill training can potentially empower young people through attitude change and practical skills training. By providing a safe and immersive learning environment, VR can enhance the learning experience and promote self-efficacy, enabling young people to navigate challenges and make informed decisions. The integration of these technologies in youth education has the potential to promote social equality, contributing to a more empowered and inclusive society. Attitude Change through VR: Attitudes are an important aspect of youth empowerment, as they can significantly impact behaviour and decision-making. VR has shown the potential to change attitudes through immersive experiences that elicit emotional responses. For example, a VR simulation that puts the user in the shoes of a marginalized person can create empathy and understanding, leading to a more positive attitude towards that group. Studies have also shown that VR in attitude change interventions can be highly effective. A study by Stanford University found that a VR simulation that put participants in the role of a tree reduced their paper usage in the following weeks, indicating a behaviour change. Furthermore, life skill training incorporated into VR simulations can enhance attitude change by providing practical skills that enable individuals to take action. For example, a VR simulation that teaches conflict resolution skills can allow individuals to approach conflicts with a positive attitude and practical skills to resolve them. This can lead to a more positive attitude towards conflict resolution and a greater likelihood of implementing those skills in real-life situations. In addition, VR can provide a safe and controlled environment for attitude change interventions, allowing individuals to explore and confront their attitudes without the potential social risks of doing so in real-life situations. This can lead to greater self-awareness and a deeper understanding of one's attitudes and biases. Overall, the use of VR for attitude change and life skill training in youth empowerment has the potential to impact society positively. However, ethical considerations should be taken into account to ensure that these interventions are conducted responsibly and concerning potential risks and consequences. With continued research and development, VR can become a powerful tool for promoting positive attitudes and behaviours in youth empowerment initiatives. Definition and Measurement of Immersion: Immersion in VR can be defined as the extent to which the user feels part of the virtual environment. The immersion is achieved when the user's senses are fully engaged, and the virtual environment is perceived as accurate. Immersion in VR is typically measured through self-report, physiological, and behavioural measures. Self-report measures assess the user's subjective immersion experience, such as being in the virtual environment. Physiological measures assess changes in the user's physiological responses, such as heart rate and skin conductance, while they are immersed in the virtual environment. Behavioural measures assess the user's actions and interactions within the virtual environment, such as the time spent in the virtual environment and the user's level of engagement. Immersion in virtual reality can be defined as the sense of presence experienced by the user when interacting with a computer-generated environment. This feeling of fact is crucial in creating a sense of realism and engagement in the virtual environment. Researchers have used various methods to measure immersion in VR, including self-report, physiological, and behavioural measures. Self-report measures involve asking the user to rate their subjective experience of immersion. For example, users may be asked to rate their level of presence in the virtual environment on a scale from 1 to 10. Self-report measures provide valuable information about the user's subjective immersion experience, but they are also prone to biases and may not accurately reflect the user's true expertise. Physiological measures involve monitoring changes in the user's physiological responses while they are immersed in the virtual environment. For example, heart rate, skin conductance, and EEG can be measured to assess the user's level of arousal and emotional response to the virtual environment. These measures can provide objective data about the user's immersion experience but can also be affected by external factors such as fatigue or stress. Behavioural measures involve observing the user's interactions and virtual environment interactions. For example, researchers can measure the time spent in the virtual environment, the user's movement within the environment, and the user's level of engagement with the virtual objects or characters. These measures provide valuable information about the user's level of immersion and can be used to assess the effectiveness of VR applications. In summary, measuring immersion in VR involves assessing the user's subjective experience, physiological responses, and behavioural actions. These measures provide valuable information about the user's immersion experience, which can be used to improve VR applications and better understand the psychological mechanisms underlying immersion in virtual reality. Underlying Mechanisms of Immersion: The underlying mechanisms of immersion in VR are complex and involve various factors such as sensory perception, attention, and cognitive processes. Sensory perception plays a crucial role in creating the feeling of immersion in VR, as visual and auditory stimuli are used to develop a sense of presence. The quality of the visual and auditory stimuli is essential, as realistic and high-quality graphics and sound can increase the feeling of immersion. Attention is also critical for creating immersion in VR, as the user focuses on the virtual environment, leading to a sense of presence. Cognitive processes such as spatial cognition and memory also play a role in creating immersion in VR, as the user's brain processes and integrate the information from the virtual environment to develop a sense of presence. The feeling of immersion in VR is created through various underlying mechanisms, including sensory perception, attention, and cognitive processes. Sensory perception involves visual and auditory stimuli to develop a sense of presence in the virtual environment. High-quality graphics and sound can enhance the realism of the virtual environment, leading to a more immersive experience for the user. Attention is another critical factor in creating immersion in VR. Users who focus on the virtual environment are likelier to feel present in the background. This is because attention helps to filter out distractions and enhances the user's engagement with the virtual world. Cognitive processes such as spatial cognition and memory also play a role in creating immersion in VR. Spatial awareness refers to the ability to perceive and navigate through space, and it is critical in creating a sense of presence in VR. Users need to navigate through the virtual environment smoothly to feel immersed. Memory is also essential in creating immersion, as it allows the user to remember previous experiences in the virtual environment and create a more continuous and realistic experience. Factors such as interactivity, agency, and embodiment can also enhance the feeling of immersion in VR. Interactivity allows users to interact with the virtual environment, and this c