Alterations in fecundity in the segment of a housefly (Musca domestica L.) population which survives exposure to dieldrin

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1954 A3Master of Scienc

Determinants of the demand for microenterprise finance in urban Egypt

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN059124 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Biotechnological applications of fungal endophytes associated with medicinal plant Asclepias sinaica (Bioss.)

AbstractFungal endophytes associated with medicinal plants have potential role to promote plant growth through different mechanisms. However, the biological and ecological roles of fungal endophytes still totally unexplored. In this study, three different fungal endophytes were isolated from the medicinal plant of Asclepias sinaica and identified as Penicillium chrysogenum Pc_25, Alternaria alternata Aa_27 and the third fungal strain was described as sterile hyphae Sh_26. It was recorded that, these endophytes had various ability to produce several extracellular enzymes including amylase, pectinase, cellulase, gelatinase, xylanase and tyrosinase. Their antimicrobial activities against different specific test organisms were investigated as well. In addition, both endophyte isolates i.e. Sh_26 and Aa_27 were found to promote root growth higher than Pc_25 and control treatments. These fungal isolates had a considerable impact on plant growth parameters including root elongation as a result of ammonia and IAA production

Molecular biodiversity of microbial communities in polluted soils and their role in soil phytoremediation

Les métaux lourds (ML) s’accumulent de plus en plus dans les sols à l’échelle mondiale, d’une part à cause des engrais minéraux et divers produits chimiques utilisés en agriculture intensive, et d’autre part à cause des activités industrielles. Toutes ces activités génèrent des déchets toxiques qui s’accumulent dans l’environnement. Les ML ne sont pas biodégradables et leur accumulation cause donc des problèmes de toxicité des sols et affecte la biodiversité des microorganismes qui y vivent. La fertilisation en azote (N) est une pratique courante en agriculture à grande échelle qui permet d’augmenter la fertilité des sols et la productivité des cultures. Cependant, son utilisation à long terme cause plusieurs effets néfastes pour l'environnement. Par exemple, elle augmente la quantité des ML dans les sols, les nappes phréatiques et les plantes. En outre, ces effets néfastes réduisent et changent considérablement la biodiversité des écosystèmes terrestres. La structure des communautés des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA) a été étudiée dans des sols contaminés par des ML issus de la fertilisation à long terme en N. Le rôle des différentes espèces de CMA dans l'absorption et la séquestration des ML a été aussi investigué. Dans une première expérience, la structure des communautés de CMA a été analysée à partir d’échantillons de sols de sites contaminés par des ML et de sites témoins non-contaminés. Nous avons constaté que la diversité des CMA indigènes a été plus faible dans les sols et les racines des plantes récoltées à partir de sites contaminés par rapport aux sites noncontaminés. Nous avons également constaté que la structure de la communauté d'AMF a été modifiée par la présence des ML dans les sols. Certains ribotypes des CMA ont été plus souvent associés aux sites contaminés, alors que d’autres ribotypes ont été associés aux sites non-contaminés. Cependant, certains ribotypes ont été observés aussi bien dans les sols pollués que non-pollués. Dans une deuxième expérience, les effets de la fertilisation organique et minérale (N) sur les différentes structures des communautés des CMA ont été étudiés. La variation de la structure de la communauté de CMA colonisant les racines a été analysée en fonction du type de fertilisation. Certains ribotypes de CMA étaient associés à la fertilisation organique et d'autres à la fertilisation minérale. En revanche, la fertilisation minérale a réduit le nombre de ribotypes de CMA alors que la fertilisation organique l’a augmenté. Dans cette expérience, j’ai démontré que le changement de structure des communautés de CMA colonisant des racines a eu un effet significatif sur la productivité des plantes. Dans une troisième expérience, le rôle de deux espèces de CMA (Glomus irregulare et G. mosseae) dans l'absorption du cadmium (Cd) par des plants de tournesol cultivés dans des sols amendés avec trois niveaux différents de Cd a été évalué. J’ai démontré que les deux espèces de CMA affectent différemment l’absorption ou la séquestration de ce ML par les plants de tournesol. Cette expérience a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle potentiel des CMA dans l'absorption des ML selon la concentration de cadmium dans le sol et les espèces de CMA. Mes recherches de doctorat démontrent donc que la fertilisation en N affecte la structure des communautés des CMA dans les racines et le sol. Le changement de structure de la communauté de CMA colonisant les racines affecte de manière significative la productivité des plantes. J’ai aussi démontré que, sous nos conditions expériemntales, l’espèce de CMA G. irregulare a été observée dans tous les sites (pollués et non-pollués), tandis que le G. mosseae n’a été observé en abondance que dans les sites contaminés. Par conséquent, j’ai étudié le rôle de ces deux espèces (G. irregulare et G. mosseae) dans l'absorption du Cd par le tournesol cultivé dans des sols amendés avec trois différents niveaux de Cd en serre. Les résultats indiquent que les espèces de CMA ont un potentiel différent pour atténuer la toxicité des ML dans les plantes hôtes, selon le niveau de concentration en Cd. En conclusion, mes travaux suggèrent que le G. irregulare est une espèce potentiellement importante pour la phytoextration du Cd, alors que le G. mosseae pourrait être une espèce appropriée pour phytostabilisation du Cd et du Zn.Trace metals (TM) are continually world-wide added to soils through the intensive use of mineral fertilizers and agriculture chemicals, together with industrial and other activities generating toxic wastes. Problems associated with metal-contaminated soil exists because TM are not biodegradable. TM that accumulate in soils affect the biodiversity of soil microorganisms. Nitrogen (N) fertilization is a widespread practice to increase soil fertility and crop production. However, the long-term use of N fertilization causes many detrimental effects in the environment. The intensive use of N fertilization increase TM input in soils, and in extreme cases, N fertilization result in TM pollution of the surrounding soil and water and increase TM concentration in plant tissues. In addition, the long-term use of N fertilizers changes and declines the biodiversity of above and underground ecosystems. The community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in TM contaminated and long-term N fertilized soils. In addition, the role of different AMF species in TM uptake or sequestration was investigated. In the first experiment, AMF community structure was analyzed from non-contaminated and TM contaminated sites. We found the diversity of native AMF was lower in soils and plant roots harvested from TM polluted soils than from unpolluted soils. We also found that the community structure of AMF was modified by TM contamination. Some AMF ribotypes were more often associated with TM contaminated sites, other ribotypes with uncontaminated sites, while still other ribotypes were found both in polluted and unpolluted soils. In the second experiment, the effect of different organic and mineral N fertilization on AMF community structure was investigated. Variation in root-colonizing AMF community structure was observed in both organic and mineral fertilization. Some AMF ribotypes were more affiliated to organic fertilization and other to mineral fertilization. In addition, mineral fertilization reduced AMF ribotypes number while organic fertilization increased AMF ribotypes number. In this experiment, it was demonstrated that change in root-colonizing AMF community structure had a significant effect on plant productivity. In the third experiment, the role of different AMF species (G. irregulare and G. mosseae) in TM uptake by sunflower plants grown in soil amended with three different Cd levels was evaluated. It was demonstrated that AMF species differentially affected TM uptake or sequestration by sunflower plants. This experiment supported a different effect of AMF in TM uptake based on Cd concentration in soil and the AMF species involved. Our research demonstrated that TM and N fertilization affected and shifted AMF community structure within roots and soils. It was shown that change in root-colonizing AMF community structure significantly affected plant productivity. In this study, it was showed that the AMF species G. irregulare was recorded in all uncontaminated sites while G. mosseae was the most abundant AMF species in TM contaminated sites. Therefore, the role of G. irregulare and G. mosseae in Cd uptake by sunflower plants grown in soils amended with three different Cd levels was investigated. The results indicated that AMF species mediate different mechanisms to alleviate TM toxicity in host plants, depending on AMF species and soil Cd level involved. We hypothesize that G. irregulare is a potentially important species for Cd phytoextration processes, while G. mosseae might be a suitable candidate for Cd and Zn phytostabilization processes

The Impact of Administrative Buildings on the Psychology of Users and Its Relationship to Increasing Productivity for Occupants

This study aimed to investigate the overall impact of administrative building design on the psychology of users and its effect on the work environment and employee productivity. It also aimed to establish design criteria for creating a work environment that aligns with the physiological and psychological needs of employees. The deductive approach was adopted in this study, and a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary data. One of the key findings was the relationship between the built environment of the workplace and the psychology of users on employee productivity. As a result, several recommendations were made, including urging engineers to pay attention to implementing the necessary design standards that consider the physiological and psychological needs of employees, making them fundamental design principles for creating a high-quality work environment that not only enhances employee productivity but also has a positive impact on their physical and mental health, as well as their relationships with the surroundings, which, in turn, has a consequential effect on society as a whole

Maintenance management in the Egyptian water sector: will management provide an answer to maintenance?

Maintenance has become a major challenge for the Egyptian water sector. The Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Company seeks to address this by the application of comprehensive maintenance management to the entire scope of its operations, both drinking water and sanitation. Maintenance management focuses on managing the maintenance process and all the different contributing factors that at the end of the day determine the difference between effective management or not. These concepts have been tested in the framework of the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Project for application in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation. The lessons learned are documented in Guidelines for Maintenance that provide clear guidance in 5 critical areas, i.e. asset information, maintenance processes, organisation, resources, and management. A summary of the model is presented and the lessons learned are presented and its impact on the current articulation of the Fayoum Maintenance Model highlighted