Accès À La Terre Et Profil De La Pauvreté Dans Le Delta Du Fleuve Sénégal

Cet article tente de caractériser les ménages agricoles pauvres dans le Delta du fleuve Sénégal après la crise alimentaire de 2008, durant laquelle les politiques publiques ont réalisé des aménagements hydroagricoles pour lutter contre la pauvreté et l’insécurité alimentaire. Il s’appuie sur des enquêtes de terrain auprès des producteurs. Les résultats montrent une forte inégalité entre les cultivateurs en termes de capital foncier et de surfaces cultivées. Aussi les ménages les plus pauvres sont-ils ceux qui n’emblavent pas assez de superficies, qui ne cultivent qu’en contre-saison chaude et, par conséquent, ne gagnent pas assez de revenus agricoles pour améliorer leur condition de vie. This paper attempts to characterise poor farming households in the Senegal River Delta after the 2008 food crisis, during which public policies implemented hydro-agricultural developments to combat poverty and food insecurity. It is based on field surveys of producers. The results show a strong inequality between farmers in terms of land capital and cultivated areas. As a result, the poorest households are those that do not cultivate enough land, only cultivate in the off-season and therefore do not earn enough agricultural income to improve their living conditions.&nbsp

HER2 Over Expression in Malignant Palpable Breast Lumps of Pre and Postmenopausal Women Attending RICK.

Back ground: Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) over expression in breast cancer is associated with poor outcome and decrease disease free survival (DFS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the over expression of HER2/neu among premenopausal and postmenopausalfemales presented with malignant palpable breast lumps to Radio Isotope Center Khartoum (RICK).Methods: The study was a case-control conducted among patients attending Radiation Isotopes Centre Khartoum (RICK). A total of 328 women were randomly selected. Data were collected by a pre coded, pre tested questionnaire. Tissue biopsies of breast lumps had been analyzed using immunohistochemical techniques for HERR-2/neu over expression and its relation to other prognostic factors was evaluated.Results: HER-2/neu + vein first pregnancy at . 23 years, were 32 (41%) in the cases, 6 (35%) in the controls of premenopausal women, and 21(44%) in the cases, 5 (38%) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu + veexpression in relation to age at menarche . 12 years was39 (51%) in the cases, 7(39%) in the controls of premenopausal women, and 36 (56%) in the cases, 7 (45%) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ vein relation to Body Mass Index > 29 kg/m2 showed 7 (37%) in the cases, 2 (33%) in the controls of premenopausal women(x2=0.024), and 8(38%) in the cases, 2(40%) in the controls of postmenopausal women (x2=0.006). HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to history of abortion or miscarriage (ever) was found to be 21 (39%) in the cases, 4 (33%) in the controls of premenopausal women, and 18 (44%) in the cases, 3 (33%) in the controls among postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the history of breast cancer in a first degree relatives was 3 (25%) in the cases, 1(50%) in thecontrols of premenopausal women, and 4 (22%) in the cases, 2 (28%) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the use of oral contraceptives was 3 (37%) in the cases, 1(50%) in the controls among premenopausal women, and 3 (27%) in thecases, 1 (50%) in the controls of postmenopausal women.Conclusion: The study confirmed an etiological association between HER2/neu+ve and HER2/neu . ve and age at first pregnancy . 23 years, age of menarche at . 12 years, abortion or miscarriage in premenopausal and postmenopausal Sudanese women, while an etiological association was confirmed between HER2/neu+ve and HER2/neu .ve, and BMI in premenopausal women, and the family history of cancer in pos menopausal women.Keywords: Human Epidermal, Growth factor, Recepto

Villa Palliadio : kajian sejarah villa-villa kolonial di Tanah Melayu dalam transisi ke arah pendekatan senibina Malaysia / Sh. Madznah Sy. Mohamed

Perkembangan senibina di Malaysia adalah di dalam proses transisi : Kajian yang akaii "dijalankan adalah untuk membentangkan satu tipologi senibina di Malaysia iaitu yang terdapat pada villa kolonial. Villa-villa ini merupakan bangunan kediarnan penjajah British seperti yang terdapat di bandar-bandar besar di Malaysia seperti di Kuala Lumpur , Pulau Pinang, Ipoh dan sebagainya pada akhir kurun ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. Tanah Melayu kemudiannya telah melalui sejarah perkembangan senibina moden yang telah menyebabkan tercicirnya budaya, iklim dan kehidupan masyarakat tempatan. Persoalan utama yang ingin ditimbulkan adalah samada ciri ciri pada villa kolonial sesuai digandingkan sebagai identiti senibina Malaysia

Characterisation of the Binding Properties of Bacillus Thuringiensis 18 Toxin on Leukaemic Cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Various strains of <it>Bacillus thuringiensis </it>(Bt) have been found to produce parasporal proteins that are cytotoxic to human cancer cells. This study aims to establish the binding affinity of purified Bt 18 toxin for CEM-SS (T lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line), to determine if competition exists between the toxin and commercial anticancer drugs for the binding site on CEM-SS and to localise the binding site of the toxin on CEM-SS.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In homologous competitive binding study, the purified toxin was labelled with biotin and allowed to compete with unlabelled toxin for binding sites on CEM-SS and its dissociation constant (Kd) was determined. Comparisons were made with CCRF-SB, CCRF-HSB-2 and MCF-7. In heterologous competitive binding study, biotinylated toxin competition was determined with two other Bt toxins (crude Btj and crude Bt 22) and anticancer drugs (cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, navelbine and methotrexate). To localise the binding site under the confocal microscope, the biotinylated toxin was tagged with FITC-conjugated streptavidin.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Homologous competitive binding assays revealed decreasing binding affinity of Bt 18 toxin for CEM-SS, CCRF-SB, and CCRF-HSB-2 with Kd of 8.44 nM, 14.98 nM and 17.71 nM respectively. Kd for MCF-7 was not determined as the inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was not reached. Heterologous competitive study showed little competition (< 30%) between biotinylated Bt 18 toxin and all test compounds used. Confocal microscopy revealed binding of toxin at the periphery of the cell.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It was postulated that purified Bt 18 toxin binds on the cell surface of CEM-SS and the mechanism of cell death may differ from that of Btj toxin, Bt 22 toxin and all five anticancer drugs used in this study, since it did not significantly compete with these compounds for the same binding site.</p

Denoising of natural images through robust wavelet thresholding and genetic programming

Digital images play an essential role in analysis tasks that can be applied in various knowledge domains, including medicine, meteorology, geology, and biology. Such images can be degraded by noise during the process of acquisition, transmission, storage, or compression. The use of local filters in image restoration may generate artifacts when these filters are not well adapted to the image content as a result of the heuristic optimization of local filters. Denoising methods based on learning procedure are more capable than parametric filters for addressing the conflicts between noise suppression and artifact reduction. In this study, we present a nonlinear filtering method based on a two-step switching scheme to remove both salt-and-pepper and additive white Gaussian noises. In the switching scheme, two cascaded detectors are used to detect noise, and two corresponding estimators are employed to effectively and efficiently filter the noise in an image. In the process of training, a method according to patch clustering is utilized, and genetic programming (GP) is subsequently applied to determine the optimum filter (wavelet-domain filter) for each individual cluster, while in testing part, the optimum filter trained beforehand by GP is recovered and used on the inputted corrupted patch. This adaptive structure is employed to cope with several noise types. Experimental and comparative analysis results show that the denoising performance of the proposed method is superior to that of existing denoising methods as per both quantitative and qualitative assessments

Fracture-décollement de l’épiphyse médiale de la clavicule: à propos de 6 cas et revue de la littérature

Le but de ce travail est de décrire les caractéristiques épidémiologiques et les différentes entités anatomo-cliniques de la fracture-séparation del’épiphyse claviculaire médiale mais également de rapporter les résultats morphologiques et fonctionnelsde de la réduction sanglante suivie del’ostéo-suture au fil non résorbable. Cinq garçons et 1 fille âgés en moyenne de 14 ans ont présenté un traumatisme fermé et isolé de la ceinturescapulaire. L’examen clinique et l’imagerie médicale surtout la TDM ont permis de poser le diagnostic de décollement épiphysaire, de classer ledegré d’ossification de l’épiphyse claviculaire médiale en précisant le sens du déplacement, ainsi que la nature du décollement selon Salter-Harris.Une réduction sanglante suivie d’une ostéo-suture au fil non résorbable décimale n°1 a été réalisées chez 3 patients. Un patient a bénéficié d’unembrochage croisé. Les deux plus jeunes ont été traités orthopédiquement. Le déplacement du moignon claviculaire était antérieur chez 3 patientset rétro-sternal chez les 3 autres. Les formes postérieures ont été compliquées d’une odynophagie (n=2) et d’une compression asymptomatique dela veine sous Clavière (n=1). L’une des formes postérieuresétait associée a une fracture ipsilatérale du 1 / 3 médial de la clavicule. La consolidationa été obtenue chez tous les malades avec une mobilité de l’épaule conservée. La fracture-décollement de l’extrémité médiale de la clavicule mimeau plan clinico-radiologique la luxation sterno-claviculaire. Elle peut être grave en raison du risque de compression viscérale et vasculaire dans saforme postérieure. La tomodensitométrie reste irremplaçable pour un diagnostic précis. Notre préférence va à la réduction sanglante suivie d’uneostéo-suture au fil non métallique. This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics and the different anatomo-clinical entities of the fracture-separation of the medialclavicular epiphysis but also to relate the morphological and functional results of bloody reduction followed by osteosuture using non absorbablethread. Five boys and one girl (mean age 14 years) showed a closed and isolated shoulder girdle trauma. Clinical examination and medicalimaging, especially CT scan, allowed the diagnosis of epiphyseal separation and to classify the degree of medial clavicular epiphysiseal ossificationindicating the direction of displacement as well as the nature of displacement according to the Salter-Harris classification. Bloody reductionfollowed by osteosuture using non absorbable thread (No. 1 decimal) was performed in 3 patients. One patient underwent cross-pinning the twoyounger patients were treated orthopedically. The displacement of the clavicle stump was anterior in 3 patients and retro-sternal in 3 patients.Posterior forms were complicated by odynophagia (n = 2) and asymptomatic compression of the subclavian vein (n = 1). One of the posteriorforms was associated with an ipsilateral fracture of the medial one third of the clavicle. Consolidation was achieved in all patients with preservationof shoulder mobility. The fracture-separation of the medial end of the clavicle mimes clinically and radiologically the sternoclavicular dislocation. Itcan be serious because of the risk of visceral and vascular compression in its posterior form. Tomdensitometry is irreplaceable for an accuratediagnosis. Our preference is for bloody reduction followed by osteosuture using non metallic thread

Natural image noise level estimation based on local statistics for blind noise reduction

This study proposes an automatic noise estimation method based on local statistics for additive white Gaussian noise. Noise estimation is an important process in digital imaging systems. For example, the performance of an image denoising algorithm can be significantly degraded because of poor noise level estimation. Most of the literature on the subject tends to use the true noise level of a noisy image when suppressing noise artifacts. Moreover, even with the given true noise level, these denoising techniques still cannot attain the best result, particularly for images with complicated details. In this study, a patch-based estimation technique is used to estimate for noise level and applies it to the proposed blind image denoising algorithm. Our approach includes selecting low-rank sub-image with removing high-frequency components from the contaminated image. This selection is according to the gradients of patches with the same statistics. Consequently, we need to estimate the noise level from the selected patches using principal component analysis (PCA). For blind denoising applications, the proposed denoising algorithm integrates the undecimated wavelet-based denoising algorithms and PCA to develop the subjective and objective qualities of the observed image, which result from filtering processes. Experiment results depict that the suggested algorithm performs efficiently over a wide range of visual contents and noise conditions, as well as in additive noise. Associated with different conventional noise estimators, the proposed algorithm yields the best performance, higher-quality images, and faster running speed

Bis(imidazole-κN 3)bis­(nitrato-κO)zinc(II)

The title complex, [Zn(NO3)2(C3H4N2)2], contains a ZnII centre with a slightly distorted tetra­hedral coordination environment, involving two N atoms from imidazole ligands and two O atoms from nitrate anions. The imino NH groups participate in inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Bis(N,N′-dimethyl­ethylenediammonium) tris­(oxalato-κ2 O 1,O 2)cobaltate(II) dihydrate: an ion-pair complex

The CoII ion in the title complex, (C4H14N2)2[Co(C2O4)3]·2H2O, is coordinated by three oxalate ions, resulting in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Two uncoordinated water mol­ecules are present in asymmetric unit. Inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the different entities stabilize the crystal structure

Poly[di-μ-aqua-diaqua-di-μ6-malonato-cobalt(II)dipotassium(I)]

In the title complex, [CoK2(C3H2O4)2(H2O)4]n, the Co atom is located on a position with site symmetry 2/m, the K atom and one water mol­ecule are located on a mirror plane, and the malonate and one water mol­ecule are located on a twofold rotation axis. The KI atom is seven-coordinated by four carboxyl­ate O atoms from four malonate ligands and by three water O atoms, forming a distorted polyhedron. The CoII atom is in an almost octa­hedral environment formed by four carboxyl­ate O atoms from two malonate ligands and two water O atoms. The structure consists of layers parallel to (20) built up from edge-sharing KO7 and CoO6 polyhedra, which are connected by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding including water mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network