System Level Design of RF Receivers Based on Non Linear Optimization and Power Consumption Models

This work presents a method to optimally distribute the block specifications in an RF receiver in order to reduce power consumption. The parameters are Gain (G), Noise Figure (NF) and Input Third Order Intercept Point (IIP3). The method is based on setting the signal quality per block at the output; Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for noise and Signal to Noise plus Distortion Ration (SNDR) for linearity. Both are limited in order to fulfill the sensitivity and intermodulation tests of a given standard. Non linear power models can be used as the method is based on heuristics associated with non linear optimization. First, random valid sets are tested "A" times, while the best candidate is chosen as starting point for a non linear optimization with bounds based on interior point algorithm. The process is repeated "B" times, and the best candidate is chosen. To validate the method, a direct-conversion receiver was dimensioned for the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Bluetooth Low Energy (B-LE) standards. Two power models were used, labeled PM1 and PM2. First the LTE is considered. When compared to predetermined signal quality distributions, the method reduced the power consumption by 65% and 41%, considering PM1 and PM2, respectively. Then the B-LE is chosen with power PM2. This model is linear and has an analytical minimum derived in the literature. The optimization achieved a precision of 0.2% to the analytical minimum using A=1000 and B=15

Sources of Pharmaceuticals in Water

This chapter focuses on the increasing environmental apprehensions and persistence of numerous organic contaminants so-called emerging contaminants (ECs), including biologically active elements from pharmaceutical source industries. Several types of diverse pharmaceutical-related compounds are being detected in environmental matrices and wastewater treatment units. Owing to this broader occurrence, transformation, and detection of pharmaceutical-related compounds in water matrices, people and legislative authorities are now more concerned about potential sources and ecological consequences of ECs. This is mainly because the free movement of ECs in water matrices is posing noteworthy adverse effects on human, aquatic animals, and naturally occurring plants, even at minimal concentrations. So far, several detection and treatment processes have been proposed and exploited against numerous pharmaceutical-related ECs. The useful and side effects of pharmaceutical-related compounds have been extensively inspected. Owing to this substantial research gap, the sources and environmental persistence of pharmaceutical-related ECs and their direct/indirect adverse effects have now been the topic of intensive studies. From the surface water perspective, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the major source of pharmaceutical-related ECs. The current chapter spotlights the widespread occurrence, numerous sources, and transportation fate of pharmaceutical-related ECs in water matrices.The work is a part of the project entitled “Contaminantes emergentes y priori-tarios en las aguas reutilizadas en agricultura: riesgos y efectos en suelos, produc-ción agrícola y entorno ambiental” funded by CSIC-Tecnologico de Monterrey under iLink program. All listed authors are also grateful to their representative universities/institutes for providing literature facilities.Peer reviewe