CHARACTERIZATION OF CYLINDROCARPON-LIKE ANAMORPHS CAUSING ROOT AND BASAL ROT OF APRICOT AND IN VITRO ACTIVITIES OF SOME FUNGICIDES

Four apricot nurseries were surveyed in Hatay province in Turkey to evaluate the phytosanitary status of the nursery plant material. Endophytic and potential pathogenic fungi were identified in plants and 12 Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph isolates were detected in the root system and basal stems of analyzed rootstocks. Based on partial sequencing ITS, three different  Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species were identified as Dactylonectria torresensis (6 isolates), Dactylonectria novozelandica (3 isolates) and Neonectria candida (3 isolates). Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions which showed that all three Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species, were identified as pathogens. ADt12 (D. torresensis) isolate, obtained from the survey area, have been tested in vitro for its sensitivity to several fungicides (thiophanate-methyl (70%), fluazinam (500g/L), fludioxonil (230g/L), and boscalid (26.7%)+pyraclostrobin (6.7%)). It was determined that ADt12 isolate was highly sensitive to fludioxonil and fluazinam, and sensitive to thiophanate-methyl and boscalid+pyraclostrobin as a result of probit analysis of EC50 values

Determination of in vitro Biocontrol Potentials of Antagonist Bacterial Isolates Against Onion Basal and Root Rot Disease Agent Fusarium proliferatu

Various Fusarium species cause significant yield and quality losses in onion (Allium cepa L.) plants. Onion basal and root rot, caused by Fusarium proliferatum, is an emerging postharvest disease that causes severe economic losses. Although the disease has long been recognized as a major constraint to the production of Allium spp., there is insufficient information to support disease management. In recent years, a need has arisen for environmentally friendly, innovative alternative methods to avoid the use of chemical pesticides in the control of diseases that are a problem in agriculture. In this study, the biocontrol efficiency of antagonistic bacterial isolates obtained from bulbs, roots and leaves of healthy onion plants was investigated against F. proliferatum in vitro. The antagonistic activity of the bacterial isolates in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the fungal agent was determined by the dual culture assay. The bacterial isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical and proteomic (MALDI-TOF MS) methods. A total of 18 putative bacterial isolates were obtained from the bulbs, roots and leaves of healthy onion plants on selective media. As a result of in vitro dual culture assays, only six bacterial isolates (Bacillus cereus MK2, Enterobacter xiangfangensis MK3, Bacillus thuringiensis MK8, Alcaligenes faecalis MK9, Pseudomonas putida MK16 and Citrobacter freundii MK17) significantly suppressed mycelial growth of disease agent (43.89-50.56%25 inhibition). Bacillus cereus MK2 was found to be the most effective bacterial isolate with a 50.56%25 inhibition rate of mycelial growth. Overall, the results suggest that Bacillus cereus MK2 could be used as a potential biocontrol agent for a sustainable and environmentally friendly control strategy for onion fields affected by Fusarium basal and root rot disease. It is necessary to conduct further studies on the effects of the effective bacterial isolates against the pathogen in vivo and their mechanisms of action

Determination of the Antifungal Effect of Boron, Sodium and Potassium Salts against Pomegranate Fruit and Crown Rot Disease Agent Coniella granati

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Turkey. Fungal pathogens cause significant losses in quality and yield of pomegranate fruit in orchards and warehouses. Pomegranate fruit and crown rot, caused by Coniella granati, is one of the most serious diseases of pomegranate. No fungicides have been registered in Turkey to control this disease. In this study, the antifungal effect of etidote-67, borax, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and potassium sorbate on mycelial growth of C. granati was investigated in vitro. The antifungal effect of the salts on mycelial growth of the fungus was determined at concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.07 (w%252Fv). Increased concentrations of etidote-67, borax, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate, and potassium sorbate significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus compared to the control. Significant differences were found between the efficacy of the treatments (Plt%253B0.05). The concentrations of 0.04%25 and 0.03%25 of etidot-67 and borax salts, respectively, were determined to be the doses that completely inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus. Boric acid, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and potassium sorbate completely inhibited the fungal mycelial growth at a concentration of 0.05%25, while sodium benzoate inhibited fungal mycelial growth at a relatively high concentration (0.07%25). When comparing the effective concentrations (EC50) of the salts inhibiting mycelial growth by 50%25, sodium benzoate showed a stronger inhibitory effect against the fungus. In conclusion, the results of this study show that boron, sodium, and potassium salts can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides to control fruit and crown rot disease caused by C. granati in pomegranate

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF FIVE AROMATIC PLANTS AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL DISEASE AGENTS

In this present study, the antibacterial activity and the chemical composition of essential oils from five aromatic plants (Helichrysum italicum, Inula graveolens, Cistus creticus, Echinacea purpurea and Hypericum perforatum) growing in Hatay Province of Turkey were determined. The antibacterial activity of essential oils was tested by disc diffusion method against two different economically important plant bacterial disease agents such as bean halo blight disease agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and potato soft rot disease agent Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. The essential oils of five aromatic plants were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). According to GC-MS analysis, 50 components were identified in H. italicum, 42 components in I. graveolens, 48 components in C. creticus, 40 components in E. purpurea and 44 components in H. perforatum. Following GC-MS analysis, neryl acetate (27.17%) and α-pinene (12.3%) in H. italicum, fenchyl (bornyl) acetate (50.33%) and borneol (36.95%) in I. graveolens, α-pinene (19.44%) in C. creticus, caryophyllene oxide (16.94%), α-pinene (16.54%) and carvacrol (6.53%) in E. purpurea and α-pinene (32.15%) in H. perforatum were determined as main components. Based on inhibition zone, the highest antibacterial activities were displayed by H. italicum and H. perforatum EOs against P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (19.33-12.33 mm), respectively. The highest antibacterial activities against P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was shown by H. perforatum EO (14.33 mm) followed by C. creticus (10.67 mm) EO. Based on our results, the essential oil of aromatic plants collected from Hatay province has the potential to be applied against important plant bacterial disease agents

Organic Farming e-book

A agricultura biológica está-se a tornar cada vez mais importante como um caminho preferencial para a produção de produtos agrícolas, face à crescente procura do mercado mundial. A relevância da agricultura biológica é ainda maior, devido à necessidade e procura de produtos agrícolas de origem biológica, que são isentos de produtos químicos, saudáveis e amigos do ambiente. Atualmente, a agricultura biológica resulta em produtos de valor acrescentado, mas estes sistemas de produção exigem abordagens especializadas. Verifica-se uma lacuna de conhecimento especializado para enfrentar os desafios e exigências da agricultura biológica. Além disso, um número crescente de pessoas com níveis elevados de educação está a mudar a sua atividade para a agricultura sem qualquer tipo de formação nesta área técnica, principalmente em países com dificuldades económicas, como Portugal. Há, portanto, necessidade de desenvolver a capacidade de pessoas com algum tipo de qualificação prévio, a fim de melhorar suas competências agrícolas e facilitar a sua capacidade de desempenho e inovação, para que possam contribuir para a Estratégia Europeia (CE) de Desenvolvimento Rural. Este e-book foi concebido para melhorar as competências desses agricultores. O seu objectivo geral é dotar os novos agricultores com conhecimentos e capacidades necessários para o desenvolvimento da cadeia de valor dos produtos da agricultura biológica. Os objectivos específicos são: i) Fornecer conhecimento básico em vários aspectos da agricultura biológica e áreas afins, tais como a gestão de recursos naturais (solo, água, plantas, ambiente) e desenvolvimento rural (conservação, agricultura biológica e familiar, multifuncionalidade). ii) Facilitar a troca efetiva de conhecimento e experiências em agricultura biológica, desenvolvimento rural e ambiente. iii) Oferecer suporte técnico e conhecimento em agricultura biológica num contexto de mobilidade e em ambiente de trabalho. Este e-livro, produzido em sete idiomas diferentes (Português, Inglês, Espanhol, Italiano, Eslovaco, Turco e Húngaro) também contribui para preservar línguas e culturas Europeias e, assim, melhorar a comunicação entre os diferentes intervenientes e grupos-alvo. O e-book inclui os princípios e técnicas da agricultura biológica, com base no triângulo planta-solo-ambiente e nas relações entre a produção animal e o ambiente. A preparação de alimentos e rotulagem, marketing e conversão à agricultura biológica são também abordados. Os princípios e as técnicas apresentadas são explicados com base em regras e diretrizes (normas), baseados numa abordagem logística que garante o equilíbrio e integridade do sistema. O e-book apresenta também os regulamentos e normas nacionais e Europeias que são obrigatórias para os agricultores biológicos.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Professional training in organic food production: a cross-country experience

Purpose: The aim of this work was to characterize the agricultural activities and past experience in professional training in the context of mobile learning in different countries (Portugal, Spain, Slovakia, Hungary, United Kingdom, Italy and Turkey). Design: For the survey, a questionnaire was prepared in English and Portuguese and then translated into the languages of the participating countries. It was delivered electronically for answering on-line by adults only. The participation was voluntary and in the end 133 consented valid questionnaires were obtained. For the treatment of the data was used SPSS and basic descriptive statistics tools were applied, together with tests, namely crosstabs and chi square tests, considering a level of significance of 5%. Findings: The results showed that the majority of the participants presently have some agricultural activity and one third is thinking about starting one the future. Most of the participants want to produce food in organic mode, with significant differences among the countries at study. Most of the participants were enrolled in training activities in agriculture, especially those with higher education. This participation showed significant differences between countries and also according to the dimension of the farms owned by the participants. A significant association was found between being a teacher in forming activities related to agriculture and being a farmer. When compared to distance learning, the training activities in classroom were the most frequented, with significant differences among the countries. Practical implications: This study allowed characterizing the learning activities in the field of organic agriculture and establish direction lines for planning of future training programs, in different countries, with maybe different social, educational and cultural realities Originality/value: Because the study included the participation of people from several countries all around Europe, the results obtained enrich the scientific area of training in Organic Farming, in view of distance learning versus classroom learning on a more global basis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Characterization of antagonistic and plant growth-promoting traits of endophytic bacteria isolated from bean plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp) is a seed-borne bacterium which causes halo blight disease in common bean. This study aimed the determination of plant growth-promoting traits (such as IAA, phosphate solubilization) and antagonistic potentials (such as siderophore and ammonia productions) of endophytic plant growthpromoting bacteria (PGPB) from healthy bean plants growing in different regions against Psp in vitro conditions. A total of 131 bacteria were primarily characterized as putative PGPB and tested for antagonist activity against Psp in dual culture tests. Seventy-one bacterial isolates demonstrated antagonistic activities against Psp isolate in varying ratios. Among these 71 isolates, 30 representative bacterial isolates from the different regions/fields were selected. On the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and confirmation by MALDI-TOF analyses, 30 endophytic antagonist isolates were identified as belonging to 10 genera, 24 different species. According to results obtained, 10 isolates belong to Bacillus spp., 6 isolates belong to Pseudomonas spp., 4 isolates belong to Rhizobium radiobacter, 2 isolates belong to Arthrobacter spp., 2 isolates belong to Achromobacter spanius, 2 isolates belong to Serratia liquefaciens, 1 isolate belongs to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Exiguobacterium sp., Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans, and Ochrobactrum anthropi. The largest and lowest inhibition zone was produced by endophytic bacterial isolates Pseudomonas gessardii (4.85) and Bacillus licheniformis (1.35). Among the tested antagonist bacterial isolates, 10 isolates were positive for the production of α-amylase, 7 isolates positive for phosphate solubilization, 29 isolates positive for siderophore production, 11 isolates positive for protease production. All selected bacterial isolates produced IAA and ammonia in relatively varying amounts. P. gessardii produced a relatively large amount of extracellular siderophore (5.83), Exiguobacterium sp. produced a relatively large amount of extracellular protease (5.25), P. gessardii and O. anthropi produced a relatively large amount of extracellular IAA (161.39 µg/ml) and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus produced a relatively large amount of phosphatase (2.63). This is the first study reporting bean plants harbor endophytes having plant growth promoting activities with antagonistic potential against Ps

Possible use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria against white mould disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary) in lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa L.)

Marul (Lactuca sativa L.) bitkisinde Sclerotinia sclerotiorum tarafından oluşturulan beyaz çürüklük hastalığı marul ekimini ve üretimini sınırlayan en yaygın ve önemli fungal hastalıklardan biridir. Bu çalışmada farklı türlere ait antagonistik potansiyele sahip kök bakteri izolatları [Lysobacter enzymogenes C3R5 ve N4-7] ile bitki büyümesini teşvik eden kök bakteri (PGPR) izolatlarının [Bacillus pumilus T4, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a, Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r ve Pseudomonas putida 89B-61] marul beyaz çürüklük hastalığına karşı biyolojik mücadele ajanı olarak kullanılabilme olanaklarını araştırılmıştır. Bakteri izolatlarının fungal gelişimi ve hastalık çıkışının engellemesi üzerine olan etkinliği in vitro ve in vivo koşullarında araştırılmıştır. In vitro ikili kültür denemelerinde test edilen bakteriler arasında antagonist L. enzymogenes C3R5 ve N4-7 izolatları patojen gelişimini önemli düzeyde engelleyerek antagonizm gösterirken, PGPR izolatları fungusların miselyal gelişimini engellemede başarılı olamamıştır. In vivo koşullarda ise gerek antagonist gerekse PGPR izolatları marul bitkisinin sağlıklı gelişmesine neden olurken, uygulama yapılmış bitkilerde hastalık oluşumu kontrollerdeki bitkilerle karşılaştırıldığında önemli düzeyde engellediği belirlenmiştir.White mould disease, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most important and common fungal diseases which effects production of lettuce (Lactuva sativa) plants. In this study, possible use of antagonist (such as Lysobacter enzymogenes C3R5 and N4-7) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial (PGPR) (such as Bacillus pumilus T4, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a, Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r and Pseudomonas putida 89B-61) isolates, as biological control agents, was investigated for their ability to suppress white mould disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Lital) in vitro and in vivo conditions. During the in vitro experiments, among the rhizobacterial isolates, antagonist L. enzymogenes isolates C3R5 and N4-7 showed antagonistic properties against fungal pathogen and significantly inhibited hyphal growth to a varying degree in dual culture tests. In contrast, PGPR isolates were unable to be successful and showed inconsistent inhibition on mycelial growth.During the in vivo experiments, both antagonist and plant PGPR isolates were evaluated for plant growth promotion and biologic control of disease caused by the fungal agent. Plants treated with each of the six isolates were significantly reduced pre-emergence disease severity compared to untreated controls

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils isolated from medicinal plants against gall forming plant pathogenic bacterial disease agents

The aims of this study were to determine chemical composition of essential oils from different plant species and their antibacterial activities against gal-forming plant pathogenic bacterial disease agents Rhizobium radiobacter, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi and P.savastanoi pv. nerii. The chemical compositions of essential oils were identified by GC/MS. The major constituents of the essential oils were carvacrol in Thymbra spicata var. spicata (66.88%) and Origanum syriacum (79.8%), thymol in Thymus serpyllum (41.03%), geranial in Thymus sipyleus (13.72%) and Melissa officinalis (30.4), 4-terpineol in Origanum majorana (31.67%), linalool in Ocimum basilicum (30.23%), carvone in Mentha spicata (55.58%), 1,8 cineole in Lavandula stoechas var. stoechas (35.5%), Laurus nobilis (35.5%) and Rosmarinus officinalis (18.47%), camphor in Salvia officinalis (24.59%) and trans-anethole in Foeniculum vulgare (82.8%) essential oils, respectively. Based on inhibition zone diameter values, essential oils showed very strong antibacterial activities against P.savastanoi pv. savastanoi (7.0-44.67 mm), followed by R.radiobacter (9.6-37.67 mm) and P.savastanoi pv. nerii (6.33-18.33 mm). Essential oils of plants belong to Lamiaceae family were generally found to be more efficient than those belong to Lauraceae and Apiaceae families. The essential oils of O.syriacum, T.serpyllum and T.spicata var. spicata were found to be the most promising essential oils displaying the highest antibacterial activities against all tested bacterial species. The findings of the present study revealed that essential oils have a potential to be used as antibacterial agents against gall forming bacterial disease agents.Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı bitki türlerinden elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşimini ve gal (ur) oluşturan bitki patojenik bakteriyel hastalık etmeni Rhizobium radiobacter, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ve P.savastanoi pv. nerii’ye karşı antibakteriyel etkinlerini belirlemektir. Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus sipyleus, Origanum syriacum, Origanum majorana, Ocimum basilicum, Mentha spicata, Melissa officinalis, Lavandula stoechas var. stoechas, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Laurus nobilis ve Foeniculum vulgare uçucu yağlarının kimyasal bileşenleri GC/MS ile tanımlanmıştır. Carvacrol Thymbra spicata var. spicata (% 66.88) ve Origanum syriacum (% 79.8), thymol Thymus serpyllum (% 41.03), geranial Thymus sipyleus (% 13.72) ve Melissa officinalis (30.4), 4-terpineol Origanum majorana (31.67 %), linalool Ocimum basilicum (% 30.23), carvone Mentha spicata (% 55.58), 1,8 cineole Lavandula stoechas var. stoechas (% 35.5), Laurus nobilis (% 35.5) ve Rosmarinus officinalis (% 18.47), camphor Salvia officinalis (% 24.59) ve trans-anethole ise Foeniculum vulgare (% 82.8) uçucu yağlarının ana bileşenleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Engelleme zon çapı değerlerine dayanarak, uçucu yağlarıP.savastanoi pv. savastanoi (7.0-44.67 mm), ardından R.radiobacter (9.6-37.67 mm) ve P.savastanoi pv. nerii (6.33-18.33 mm) ye karşı oldukça güçlü antibakteriyel etkinlik göstermiştir. Lamiaceae familyasına ait bitkilerin uçucu yağlarının genellikle Lauraceae ve Apiaceae familyalarına göre daha etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. O.syriacum, T.serpyllum ve T.spicata var. spicata, test edilen tüm bakteri türlerine karşı en yüksek antibakteriyel aktiviteleri gösteren umut verici uçucu yağlar olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları uçucu yağların gal oluşturan bakteriyel hastalık etmenlerine karşı antibakteriyel ajan olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermiştir

Bazı tıbbi bitkilerden elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi ve börülce tohum böceği, callosobruchus maculatus erginlerine karşı fümigant insektisidal aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi

Chemical composition and fumigant insecticidal activities of essential oils obtained from oregano ( Origanum syriacum L.), lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.,), fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and laurel ( Laurus nobilis L.) plants were investigated against the adults of cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Based on GC-MS analysis, total number of compounds determined in oregano, lavender, sage, fennel and laurel essential oils were 25, 33, 23, 23, 42, respectively. Carvacrol (66.66%), trans -anethol (79.17%), 1,8- cineole (50.0%), camphor (30.46%) and linalyl acetate (35.66%) were found as the most abundant compounds, respectively. Bioassay results revealed that essential oils, at 30.0 or 40.0 ?g ml -1 air, resulted in 100% adult mortality of C. maculatus . Insecticidal activity was increased in response to increased concentration of essential oil. Among the essential oils tested, oregano showed the highest fumigant toxicity at relatively lower concentration (30.0 ?g ml -1 ). Complete adult mortality (100%) caused by fennel, laurel, sage and lavender essential oils at the concentrations of 40.0 ?g ml -1 air. The LC 50 and LC 90 values for each essential oil were estimated by using probit analysis. The lowest LC 50 value was estimated for sage essential oil (8.79 ?g ml -1 ) followed by oregano (11.17 ?g ml -1 ), lavender (11.64 ?g ml -1 ), laurel (13.59 ?g ml -1 ) and fennel (17.46 ?g ml -1 ), respectively. The results revealed that plant essential oils might be used in research aiming the development of new environmental friendly control agents against stored-product pests such as cowpea weevil.Origanum ( Origanum syriacum L.), lavanta ( Lavandula angustifolia L.), adaçayı ( Salvia officinalis L.), rezene ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) ve defne ( Laurus nobilis L.) bitkilerinden elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşenleri ve fümigant insektisit etkinliği bakla tohum böceği Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) erginlerine karşı araştırılmıştır. GC-MS analiz sonucuna göre, origanum, lavanta, adaçayı, rezene ve defne bitki uçucu yağlarında sırasıyla 25, 33, 23, 23, 42 adet bileşen belirlenmiştir. Carvacrol (%66.66), trans -anethol (%79.17), 1,8- cineole (%50.0), camphor (%30.46) ve linalyl acetate (%35.66) bu bitkilerin uçucu yağlarında ana bileşenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Biyolojik etkinlik çalışmaları tüm uçucu yağların 30.0 ve 40.0 ?g ml - 1 hava konsantrasyonları C. maculans erginleri üzerinde %100 ölümlere neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Uçucu yağların insektisit etkinliği artan konsantrasyonlara bağlı olarak artış göstermiştir. Test edilen uçucu yağlar arasında, origanum uçucu yağı daha düşük konsantrasyonda (30.0 ?g ml -1 hava) en yüksek etkinlik göstermiştir. Rezene, defne, adaçayı ve lavanta uçucu yağları ise 40.0 ?gml -1 hava konsantrasyonunda %100 ergin ölümlerine neden olmuştur. Her bir uçucu yağın LC 50 ve LC 90 değerleri probit analizi ile belirlenmiştir. En düşük LC 50 değeri adaçayı (8.79 ?g ml -1 ) için belirlenmiş olup, bunu sırasıyla origanum (11.17 ?g ml -1 ), lavanta (11.64 ?g ml -1 ), defne (13.59 ?g ml -1 ) ve rezene (17.46 ?g ml -1 ) uçucu yağları takip etmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar bitki uçucu yağlarının börülce tohum böceği gibi depolanmış ürün zararlılarının kontrolünde yeni çevre dostu aktif maddelerin araştırıldığı çalışmalarda kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir