Antes de la Corte Electoral: judicatura, elecciones y ciudadanía en Uruguay (1825-1924)

La creación de la Corte Electoral de Uruguay en 1924 es considerada por historiadores y contemporáneos un marco clave en la historia política de este país. El evento formó parte de una tendencia de la época, que defendía la especialización de los órganos electorales. El caso uruguayo es interesante porque la Corte Electoral allí creada no fue incluida en el Poder Judicial, como sucedió en otros países. La presencia de los jueces en la gestión del sufragio, sin embargo, fue una realidad en Uruguay antes del establecimiento de la Corte y ya aparecía desde los primeros reglamentos electorales del país. Este trabajo busca recorrer ese camino, con el fin de aclarar los sentidos y límites de esa peculiar atribución que recibió la Judicatura, principalmente en lo que se refiere a sus efectos para la construcción de la ciudadanía uruguaya

A Conciliação e os Meios Alternativos de Solução de Conflitos no Império Brasileiro

RESUMO A conciliação é uma modalidade alternativa de solução de conflitos com longa história no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Embora prevista desde tempos coloniais, o instituto só ganhou contornos mais próximos dos atuais a partir da Independência do país, quando passou a ser procedimento obrigatório, realizado no então recém-criado juízo de paz. Este artigo analisa a criação legislativa e o funcionamento do instituto no país durante o século XIX, a fim de caracterizar sua relevância para a eficiência da Justiça brasileira. Para isso, foram utilizados como fonte anais do parlamento, livros doutrinários, jornais, textos literários, relatórios de governo, ofícios, além da própria legislação. Concluímos que a conciliação no Império foi responsável pela forte redução no número de processos que tramitavam no Brasil naquele momento, com taxa de acordo que frequentemente passava dos 50%

Antes de la Corte Electoral: judicatura, elecciones y ciudadanía en Uruguay (1825-1924)

Resumen. La creación de la Corte Electoral de Uruguay en 1924 es considerada por historiadores y contemporáneos un marco clave en la historia política de este país. El evento formó parte de una tendencia de la época, que defendía la especialización de los órganos electorales. El caso uruguayo es interesante porque la Corte Electoral allí creada no fue incluida en el Poder Judicial, como sucedió en otros países. La presencia de los jueces en la gestión del sufragio, sin embargo, fue una realidad en Uruguay antes del establecimiento de la Corte y ya aparecía desde los primeros reglamentos electorales del país. Este trabajo busca recorrer ese camino, con el fin de aclarar los sentidos y límites de esa peculiar atribución que recibió la Judicatura, principalmente en lo que se refiere a sus efectos para la construcción de la ciudadanía uruguaya.Palabras claves: Corte Electoral; Judicatura; Elecciones; Uruguay Abstract. The implementation of the Electoral Court in Uruguay in 1924 is considered, both by historians and contemporaries, a key event in the country’s political history. The episode formed part of a tendency at the time which advocated for the specialization of the electoral organs. The Uruguayan experience is interesting because the Electoral Court created there was not inserted into the Judicial Power, as it was in other countries.  The presence of judges in the electoral management, nevertheless, actually took place in Uruguay before the establishment of the Court, as it can be seen as early as in Uruguayan first electoral laws. This article examines this phenomenon, in order to understand the meanings and limits of this peculiar task assigned to the Judicial Power, particularly in terms of the effects it had on the construction of the country’s citizenship.Keywords: Electoral Court; Judicial Power; Elections; Urugua

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data