Preliminar study of the anti-inflammatory activity of Bryophillum calycinum Salisb

The acute toxicity (LD50) and the anti-inflammatory effect of the crude freeze-dried aqueous extract of the leaves of Bryophillumcalycinum Salisb. (EBALBc) was evaluated, on the rat paw edema induced by carrageenin and dextran. The dose of 500 mg/kg (p.o) inhibited the paw edema induced by dextran in a significative manner (p < 0.05, ANOVA, Student Newman-Keuls test) 60 and 90 minutes, after stimulus while only the oral dose of 1 g/kg of EBALBc inhibited the paw edema induced by carrageenin. The results indicated an anti-edematogenic effect of the extract when tested on the paw edema induced by dextran and carrageenin, suggesting larger specificity of action on the edema induced by dextran. The EBALBc administered orally, in the doses of the 0.1 to 8 g/kg, it did not cause death, making impossible to determine the LD50.Foram avaliados a toxicidade aguda (DL50) do Extrato Bruto Aquoso Liofilizado das folhas de Bryophillum calycinum Salisb. (EBALBc) e seu efeito antiinflamatório sobre o edema de pata de rato induzido por carragenina e dextrana. Com a dose de 500 mg/kg (p.o) inibiu o edema de pata induzido por dextrana de maneira significativa (p < 0.05, ANOVA, Teste de Student Newman-Keuls) nos tempos de 60 e 90 minutos, enquanto que somente a dose oral de 1 g/kg de EBALBc inibiu o edema de pata induzido por carragenina. Os resultados indicaram efeito anti-edematogênico do extrato quando testado sobre o edema de pata induzido por dextrana e carragenina, sugerindo, entretanto, maior especificidade de ação sobre o edema induzido por dextrana. Por via oral, com as doses de 0,1 a 8 g/kg o EBALBc, não desencadeou óbito, não sendo possível determinar a DL50

Antinociceptive effects of the essential oil of Mentha x villosa leaf and its major constituent piperitenone oxide in mice

Mentha x villosa Huds (Labiatae) is an aromatic herb widely used in folk medicine. Since the essential oil of the herb has many pharmacological activities, including antispasmodic effects, we determined whether the oil and its major constituent, piperitenone oxide (PO), have antinociceptive activity. The essential oil of M. x villosa (EOMV) and PO administered orally at 200 mg/kg (vehicle: 0.1% Tween 80 in water) significantly reduced the writhings induced by acetic acid from control values of 59.5 ± 3.1 s (N = 10) to 31.9 ± 2.8 s (N = 10) and 23.8 ± 3.4 s (N = 10), respectively. When administered at 100 and 200 mg/kg, EOMV reduced the paw licking time for the second phase of the formalin test from the control value of 20.6 ± 2.1 s (N = 13) to 5.3 ± 2.2 s (N = 12) and 2.7 ± 1.2 s (N = 18), respectively. At 100 and 200 mg/kg, PO reduced this second phase to 8.3 ± 2.7 s (N = 12) and 3.0 ± 1.2 s (N = 10), respectively. This effect of EOMV and PO was not reversed by naloxone. EOMV and PO had no significant effect on the first phase of the formalin test. As evaluated by the hot-plate and tail immersion test, EOMV and PO, at doses up to 200 mg/kg, showed no analgesic activity. These results show that EOMV and PO have antinociceptive activity and suggest that this effect is probably an indirect anti-inflammatory effect, which does not involve the central nervous system

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Mesenteric vascular reactivity.

<p>Effect of treatment with ASE (200mg/Kg/day) and exercise training (30 min/day; 5 days per week) on vasodilator effects of ACh (A) and NG (B), and vasoconstrictor effects of NE (C) in mesenteric arterial bed from type 2 diabetic rats. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 10 for all groups. *Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Controls; ⁺Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Sedentary D.</p

Glycemic levels and body weight.

<p>Effect of treatment with ASE (200mg/Kg/day) and exercise training (30 min/day; 5 days per week) on blood glucose levels (A) and body weight (B) in type 2 diabetic rats. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 10 for all groups. *Significantly different (p<0.05) from Controls; ⁺Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Sedentary D; ^$Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Training D; ^δSignificantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from ASE Sedentary D.</p

Expression of insulin cascade and pAMPK protein.

<p>Effect of treatment with ASE (200mg/Kg/day) and exercise training (30 min/day; 5 days per week) on IR (A), AKT (B), pAKT (C), GLUT-4 (D) and pAMPK expressions in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic rats. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 4 for all groups. Using one-way ANOVA: *Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Controls; ^●Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Training C; ⁺Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Sedentary D; ^$Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Training D; ^δSignificantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from ASE Sedentary D. Using unpaired Student's t-test: ^&Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Sedentary D.</p

Components of the insulin cascade and adiponectin expression.

<p>Effect of treatment with ASE (200mg/Kg/day) and exercise training (30 min/day; 5 days per week) on IR (A), AKT (B), pAKT (C), GLUT-4 (D) and adiponectin (E) expressions in adipose tissue from type 2 diabetic rats. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 4 for all groups. Using one-way ANOVA: *Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Controls; ⁺Significantly different (p<0.05) from Sedentary D; ^$Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Training D; ^δSignificantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from ASE Sedentary D. Using unpaired Student's t-test: ^&Significantly different (<i>p ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>) from Sedentary D.</p

Timeline of the experimental protocol.

<p>Schematic figure illustrating the timeline of the experimental protocol. The abbreviations of the figure include HF (high fat); BWT (body weight); GLU (glucose); STZ (streptozotocin); ASE (açaí seed extract); SR (serum); VAT (visceral adipose tissue); SM (skeletal muscle) and MAB (mesenteric arterial bed).</p

Effects of ASE (200mg/Kg/day) and exercise training (30 min/day; 5 days per week) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, and anti-inflammatory cytokine serum levels in type 2 diabetic animals.

<p>Effects of ASE (200mg/Kg/day) and exercise training (30 min/day; 5 days per week) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, and anti-inflammatory cytokine serum levels in type 2 diabetic animals.</p