The nature of secondary school pupils' spatial ability in mathematics Some instructional alternatives

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Prevalence of noncarious cervical lesions among adults: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to systematically review the literature on noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and calculate an overall prevalence estimate. METHODS: The protocol of this systematic review was prepared according to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. The MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane-CENTRAL databases were searched. Relevant published papers that provided information regarding the prevalence or number of NCCLs among general or specific populations were included. RESULTS: The initial search identified 569 titles and abstracts, 24 of which met the eligibility criteria involving 14,628 participants. The weighted mean prevalence of NCCLs among the whole studied population was 46.7 % (95 % CI: 38.2; 55.3 %), ranging from 9.1%-93%. Based on sub-analyses, studies with populations older than 30 years revealed higher weighted prevalence (53 %) than those with populations younger than 30 years (43 %). Regarding the diagnostic method, when visual or tactile clinical examination was used, the prevalence was lower than when the Smith and Knight tooth wear index was used. When different definitions were used, the weighted mean prevalence varied from 28 % to 62 %. As to the terms used to address the lesions, the prevalence was higher when "noncarious cervical lesion" was used and lower when "root defects," "abrasion," or "abfraction" were used. When geographical regions were compared, South America had the highest reported prevalence of NCCLs, while the United States had the lowest. Moreover, general populations presented the highest prevalence, slightly higher than dental populations, whose members frequented dental practices. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of NCCLs was 46.7 % and higher in older populations. Visual and tactile clinical examination underestimate this prevalence compared to the established index. The terms and definitions used also influenced the prevalence data. Distinct geographical differences were observed, and general populations were more inclined to present NCCLs

Determination Of Essential And Toxic Elements In Maternal Milk Collected In Taubaté, São Paulo State, Brazil

This work is concerned with the investigation of oligoelements and heavy metals in the maternal milk (colostrum and mature milk). The specific objectives are: (i) to verify the performance of the analytical procedures; (ii) to compare the composition of the colostrum and the mature breast milk and (iii) to verify if the maternal milk is contaminated by toxic elements. Throughout the year of 2004, 79 samples of colostrum and 16 samples of breast milk were analysed (Ca, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Se, Pb and Zn). The samples were submitted to an acid digestion in a closed system, and flame atomic absorption (FAAS) and/or electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) were used for the determination. Tests were performed on standard NIST-certified milk-powder to validate the reliability of subsequently collected analytical data. The reproducibility varied from 1.9 to 12.2% (FAAS) and from 2.8 to 9.2% (GFAAS). It was found significant difference at 5% level between the concentrations in colostrum and mature milk only for calcium (129.33 and 208.85 mg L-1, respectively) and for iron (1.414 and 2.561 mg L-1, respectively). The lead concentrations in colostrum (0.209 mg L-1) and mature milk (0.136 mg L-1) were very high compared to the ANVISA (a Brazilian regulatory agency), that establishes a maximum of 0.05 mg kg-1. Analytical methodologies developed here show excellent performance using both FAAS and GFAAS. The maternal milk contains all essential oligo-elements. The lead high level suggests necessity of a strong control of food and regions contamination to avoid its presence in maternal milk.1218892(2007) Produtos Lácteos: Algumas considerações nutricionais e econômicas, , http://www.iea.sp.gov.br, IEA-Instituto de Economia Agrícola. Retrieved December, 21, 2007 from (in Portuguese)Holmlund, U., Amoudruz, P., Johansson, M.A., Haileselassie, Y., Ongoiba, A., Kayentao, K., Traore, B., Sverremark-Ekstrom, E., Maternal country of origin, breast milk characteristics and potential influences on immunity in offspring (2010) Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 162 (3), pp. 500-509Valent, F., Horvat, M., Mazej, D., Stibilj, V., Barbone, F., Maternal diet and selenium concentration in human milk from an italian population (2011) Journal of Epidemiology, 21 (4), pp. 285-292Nascimento, L.F.C., Izario Filho, H.J., Stroppa, F.D., Pereira, M.L., Baccan, N., Cadmium quantification in Brazilian mothers colostrum: A regional study (2005) Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 5, pp. 193-198Soares, V.A., Kus, M.M.M., Peixoto, A.L.C., Carrocci, J.S., Salazar, R.F.S., Izário Filho, H.J., Determination of nutritional and toxic elements in pasteurized bovine milk from Vale do Paraiba region (Brazil) (2010) Food Control, 21, pp. 45-49Silvestre, M.D., Lagarda, M.J., Farré, R., Martinez-Costa, C., Brines, J., Copper, iron and zinc determinations in human milk using FAAS with microwave digeston (2000) Food Chemistry, 68, pp. 95-99Moran, V.H., Lowe, N., Crossland, N., Berti, C., Cetin, I., Hermoso, M., Koletzko, B., Dykes, F., Nutritional requirements during lactation (2010) Towards European alignment of reference values: The EURRECA network. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 6 (2), pp. 39-54Thandrayen, K., Pettifor, J.M., Maternal vitamin D status: Implications for the development of infantile nutritional rickets (2010) Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 39 (2), pp. 303-320Lönnerdal, B., Regulation of mineral and trace elements in human milk: Exogenous and endogenous factors (2000) Nutrition Reviews, 58 (8), pp. 223-229Krachler, M., Rossipal, E., Micetik-Turk, D., Trace element transfer from mother to the newborn-investigation on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord serium (1999) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, pp. 486-494Celada, A., Brusset, R., Gutierrez, J., Herreros, V., No correlation between iron concentration in breast milk and maternal iron stores (1982) Helvica Paediatrica Acta, 37, pp. 11-16Arnaud, J., Favier, A., Cooper, iron, manganese and zinc contents in human colostrum and transitory milk of French women (1995) Science of the Total Environment, 159, pp. 9-15Christian, P., West Jr., K.P., Interactions between zinc and Vitamin A: An update (1998) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68, pp. 435S-441SPisacane, A., Graziano, L., Mazzarella, G., Scarpellino, B., Zona, G., Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection (1992) Journal of Pediatrics, 120, pp. 87-89Gunshin, H., Yoshikawa, M., Doudou, T., Kato, N., Trace elements in human milk, cow's milk and infant formula (1985) Agriculture and Biological Chemistry, 40, pp. 21-26Bellisota, G., Pasti, F., Valdes, M., Torboli, A., The use of total-reflection x-ray fluorescence to track the metabolism and excretion of selenion in human (1999) Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 58, pp. 1481-1485Picciano, M.F., Trace elements in human milk and infants formulas: Nestle Nutre Workshop (1985) Trace Elements Nutrition Child, 8, pp. 157-174Moreira, F.R., Moreira, J.C., A importância da análise de especiação do chumbo em plasma para avaliação dos riscos à saúde (2004) Química Nova, 27, pp. 251-260. , (in Portuguese)Nascimento, L.F.C., Izário Filho, H.J., Oliveira, B.E., Níveis de chumbo em colostro humano: Um estudo no Vale do Paraíba (2006) Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 6 (1), pp. 69-74. , (in Portuguese)Okada, I.A., Sakuma, A.M., Maio, F.D., Dovidauskas, S., Zenebon, O., Evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in milk due to environmental contamination in the Paraiba Valley region of Southeastern Brazil (1997) Journal of Public Health, 31 (2), pp. 140-143Salazar, R.F.S., Alcântara, M.A.K., Izário Filho, H.J., Evaluation of sample preparation methods and optimization of nickel determination in vegetable tissues (2011) Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 35, pp. 241-248White, M.A., Sabbione, E., Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Union. X: A study of 13 elements in blood and urine of a United Kingdom population (1998) Science of the Total Environment, 216, pp. 253-270Al-Awadi, F.M., Srikumar, T.S., Trace-element status in milk and plasma of Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti lactating mothers (2000) Nutrition, 16, pp. 1069-1073Schlemmer, G., Graphite furnace AAS for complex samples: Detection limits, precision, long-term stability (1996) Atomic Spectroscopy, 17, pp. 15-21Miller, J.C., Miller, J.N., (1993) Statistics for analytical chemistry, p. 256. , (3rd ed.). Elsevier, New YorkWelz, B., Abuse of the analyte addition technique in atomic absorption spectrometry (1986) Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 325, pp. 95-101L'Vov, B.V., Electrothermal atomization: The way toward absolute methods of atomic absorption analysis (1978) Spectrochimica Acta, Part B, 33, pp. 153-198Elmer, P., (1996) Analytical methods: Atomic absorption spectroscopy, p. 300. , Perkin Elmer ed., (Cookbok)Schlemmer, G., Graphite furnace AAS for complex samples: Detection limits, precision, long-term stability (1996) Atomic Spectroscopy, 17 (1), pp. 15-21Turan, S., Saygi, S., Kiliç, Z., Acar, O., Determination of heavy metal contents in human colostrums samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (2001) Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 47, pp. 81-85Silva, P.R., Dorea, J.G., Boaventure, G.R., Multielement determination in small samples of milk by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1997) Biological Trace Element Research, 59 (1-3), pp. 57-62Donangelo, C.M., Trugo, N.M., Koury, J.C., Silva, M.I.B., Freitas, L.A., Feldheim, W., Iron, zinc, foliate and vitamin B12 nutritional status and milk composition of low-income Brazilian mothers (1989) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 43, pp. 253-266Trugo, N.M., Donangelo, C.M., Koury, J.C., Silva, M.I.B., Freitas, L.A., Concentration and distribution pattern of selected micronutrients in preterm and term milk from urban Brazilian mothers during early lactation (1988) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 42, pp. 496-507Baird, C., (2002) Química ambiental, pp. 402-433. , (2nd ed.). Bookman, Proto Alegre(2007) ANVISA-Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, , http://anvisa.gov.br, Decree number 55.871/65. Retrieved December, 21, 2007 from (in Portuguese

Efeito do óleo essencial de pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum C. DC) e do emulsificante Tween® 80 sobre o crescimento micelial de Alternaria alternata (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) The effect of Long-pepper essential oil (Piper hispidinervum C. DC.) and of Tween®; 80 emulsifier on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternate (Fungi: Hyphomycetes)

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de folhas de pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum C. DC), sobre o crescimento micelial de Alternaria alternata e a análise da influência da concentração do emulsificante Tween® 80 no controle deste fitopatógeno. O óleo essencial foi obtido pela técnica "arraste a vapor d'água", utilizando-se aparelho de Clevenger modificado, e posteriormente submetido, à análise por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas CG-EM a CG. Para os ensaios biológicos, o método foi o bioanalítico in vitro observando-se o crescimento ou inibição do micélio de A. alternata no meio de cultura BDA na presença de diferentes concentrações do óleo essencial (0, 100, 250, 500 e 1000 mgL-1 ) sob diferentes concentrações de Tween® 80. Adotou-se esquema fatorial com quatro repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Observou-se que o óleo essencial de pimenta longa apresentou inibição sobre o crescimento micelial do fungo A. alternataem todas as concentrações analisadas, sendo que na concentração de 1000 mgL-1 esta inibição foi de 100% , e a porcentagem de emulsificante (Tween® 80), influenciou na atividade fungitóxica das concentrações de 250 mgL -1 e 500 mgL -1 do óleo essencial.<br>The object of this work was to evaluate the effectof essential oils from Long-pepper leaves Piper hispidinervum on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata and to analyze the influence of emulsifier Tween® 80 concentration in the control of this phytopathogen. The essential oil was obtained by steam stream distillation, using a modified Clevenger apparatus, and the chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy GC-MS and GC. For biological tests, the bioanalytical in vitro method was used, observing the growth or inhibition of such phytopathogen in BDA culture media, in the presence of different essential oil concentrations (0, 100, 250, 500, e 1000 mgL -1) under different Tween® 80 concentrations. Factorial scheme with four repetitions, in entirely randomized outline was adopted. The essential oil of Long-pepper inhibited the micellial growth of the A. alternata fungus at all of the concentrations tested. A 100% inhibition at the 1000 mgL -1 concentration was observed, and the percentage of emulsifier (Tween® 80) influenced the fungitoxic activity at the 250 mgL-1 and 500 mgL -1 concentrations of the essential oil

Read this paper if you want to learn logistic regression

ABSTRACT Introduction: What if my response variable is binary categorical? This paper provides an intuitive introduction to logistic regression, the most appropriate statistical technique to deal with dichotomous dependent variables. Materials and Methods: we estimate the effect of corruption scandals on the chance of reelection of candidates running for the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies using data from Castro and Nunes (2014). Specifically, we show the computational implementation in R and we explain the substantive interpretation of the results. Results: we share replication materials which quickly enables students and professionals to use the procedures presented here for their studying and research activities. Discussion: we hope to facilitate the use of logistic regression and to spread replication as a data analysis teaching tool.KEYWORDS: regression; logistic regression; replication; quantitative methods; transparency

Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used causespecific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings In 2016, there were 27.08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.30-30.30 million) new cases of TBI and 0.93 million (0.78-1.16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55.50 million (53.40-57.62 million) and of SCI was 27.04 million (24.98-30.15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the agestandardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8.4% (95% UI 7.7 to 9.2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0.2% [-2.1 to 2.7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3.6% (1.8 to 5.5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3.6% [-7.4 to 4.0]). TBI caused 8.1 million (95% UI 6.0-10.4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9.5 million (6.7-12.4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. © 2018 The Author(s)