Neurovascular coupling and cerebral autoregulation in atrial fibrillation

© The Author(s) 2019. The risk of cognitive decline and stroke is increased by atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to determine whether neurovascular coupling and cerebral autoregulation are blunted in people with AF in comparison with age-matched, patients with hypertension and healthy controls. Neurovascular coupling was assessed using five cycles of visual stimulation for 30 s followed by 30 s with both eyes-closed. Cerebral autoregulation was examined using a sit–stand test, and a repeated squat-to-stand (0.1 Hz) manoeuvre with transfer function analysis of mean arterial pressure (MAP; input) and middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity (MCA Vm; output) relationships at 0.1 Hz. Visual stimulation increased posterior cerebral artery conductance, but the magnitude of the response was blunted in patients with AF (18 [8] %; mean [SD]) and hypertension (17 [8] %), in comparison with healthy controls (26 [9] %) (P < 0.05). In contrast, transmission of MAP to MCA Vm was greater in AF patients compared to hypertension and healthy controls, indicating diminished cerebral autoregulation. We have shown for the first time that AF patients have impaired neurovascular coupling responses to visual stimulation and diminished cerebral autoregulation. Such deficits in cerebrovascular regulation may contribute to the increased risk of cerebral dysfunction in people with AF

The 2014 ALMA Long Baseline Campaign: An Overview

A major goal of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is to make accurate images with resolutions of tens of milliarcseconds, which at submillimeter (submm) wavelengths requires baselines up to ~15 km. To develop and test this capability, a Long Baseline Campaign (LBC) was carried out from September to late November 2014, culminating in end-to-end observations, calibrations, and imaging of selected Science Verification (SV) targets. This paper presents an overview of the campaign and its main results, including an investigation of the short-term coherence properties and systematic phase errors over the long baselines at the ALMA site, a summary of the SV targets and observations, and recommendations for science observing strategies at long baselines. Deep ALMA images of the quasar 3C138 at 97 and 241 GHz are also compared to VLA 43 GHz results, demonstrating an agreement at a level of a few percent. As a result of the extensive program of LBC testing, the highly successful SV imaging at long baselines achieved angular resolutions as fine as 19 mas at ~350 GHz. Observing with ALMA on baselines of up to 15 km is now possible, and opens up new parameter space for submm astronomy

Effect of whole-body vibration therapy on performance recovery

Purpose: To compare whole-body vibration (WBV) with traditional recovery protocols after a high-intensity training bout. Methods: In a randomized crossover study, 16 athletes performed 6 × 30-s Wingate sprints before completing either an active recovery (10 min of cycling and stretching) or WBV for 10 min in a series of exercises on a vibration platform. Muscle hemodynamics (assessed via near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured before and during exercise and into the 10-min recovery period. Blood lactate concentration, vertical jump, quadriceps strength, flexibility, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), muscle soreness, and performance during a single 30-s Wingate test were assessed at baseline and 30 and 60 min postexercise. A subset of participants (n = 6) completed a 3rd identical trial (1 wk later) using a passive 10-min recovery period (sitting). Results: There were no clear effects between the recovery protocols for blood lactate concentration, quadriceps strength, jump height, flexibility, RPE, muscle soreness, or single Wingate performance across all measured recovery time points. However, the WBV recovery protocol substantially increased the tissue-oxygenation index compared with the active (11.2% ± 2.4% [mean ± 95% CI], effect size [ES] = 3.1, and -7.3% ± 4.1%, ES = -2.1 for the 10 min postexercise and postrecovery, respectively) and passive recovery conditions (4.1% ± 2.2%, ES = 1.3, 10 min postexercise only). Conclusion: Although WBV during recovery increased muscle oxygenation, it had little effect in improving subsequent performance compared with a normal active recovery

Higher physical fitness levels are associated with less language decline in healthy ageing

Healthy ageing is associated with decline in cognitive abilities such as language. Aerobic fitness has been shown to ameliorate decline in some cognitive domains, but the potential benefits for language have not been examined. In a cross-sectional sample, we investigated the relationship between aerobic fitness and tip-of-the-tongue states. These are among the most frequent cognitive failures in healthy older adults and occur when a speaker knows a word but is unable to produce it. We found that healthy older adults indeed experience more tip-of-the-tongue states than young adults. Importantly, higher aerobic fitness levels decrease the probability of experiencing tip-of-the-tongue states in healthy older adults. Fitness-related differences in word finding abilities are observed over and above effects of age. This is the first demonstration of a link between aerobic fitness and language functioning in healthy older adultsstatus: Published onlin

Single vesicle analysis reveals the release of tetraspanin positive extracellular vesicles into circulation with high intensity intermittent exercise.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are released from all cell types and participate in the intercellular exchange of proteins, lipids, metabolites and nucleic acids. Proteomic, flow cytometry and nanoparticle tracking analyses suggest sEVs are released into circulation with exercise. However, interpretation of these data may be influenced by sources of bias introduced by different analytical approaches. Seven healthy participants carried out a high intensity intermittent (HIIT) cycle protocol consisting of 4×30s at a work-rate corresponding to 200% of individual watt max interspersed by 4.5 minutes of active recovery. EDTA treated blood was collected pre and immediately post the final effort. Platelet poor (PPP) and platelet free plasma (PFP) was derived by one or two centrifugal spins at 2500g respectively (15 min, room temperature). Platelets were counted on an automated haemocytometer. Plasma samples were assessed via the Exoview R100 platform which immobilises sEVs expressing common tetraspanin markers CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD41a on microfluidic chips and with the aid of fluorescence imaging, counts their abundance at a single sEV resolution, importantly, without a pre-isolation step. There was a lower number of platelets in the PFP than PPP, which was associated with a lower number of CD9, CD63 and CD41a+ sEVs. HIIT induced an increase in fluorescent counts in CD9, CD63 and CD81 positive sEVs in both PPP and PFP. These data support the concept that sEVs are released into circulation with exercise. Furthermore, platelet free plasma is the preferred, representative analyte to study sEV dynamics and phenotype during exercise. KEY POINTS: Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are nano-sized particles containing protein, metabolites, lipid and RNA and can be transferred from cell to cell. Previous findings implicate sEVs are released into circulation with exhaustive, aerobic exercise, but since there is no gold standard method to isolate sEVs, these findings may be subject to bias introduced by different approaches. Here, we use a novel method to immobilise and image sEVs, at a single vesicle resolution, to show sEVs are released into circulation with high intensity, intermittent exercise. Since platelet depletion of plasma results in a reduction in sEVs, platelet free plasma is the preferred analyte to examine sEV dynamics and phenotype in the context of exercise. Abstract figure legend Platelet free plasma was derived from 7 healthy participants pre and post a high intensity, intermittent exercise protocol (HIIT). Samples were directly analysed via a microfluidic chip array, which immobilises small extracellular vesicles (sEV) expressing the tetraspanin protein markers CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD41a and determines sEV count and protein expression via fluorescence intensity on a single sEV basis. HIIT resulted in an increase in the number of CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD41a positive sEV in circulation, with an associated increase in CD9, CD63 and CD81 protein expression. Since platelets are known to release sEV, also analysed were sEV counts in platelet free versus platelet poor plasma. Since there was a significant reduction in CD9, CD63 and CD41a positive sEV associated with a decrease in platelets, platelet free plasma is likely the most representative analyte when examining sEV dynamics during exercise. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Sedation of Uncooperative Pediatric Dental Patients

ABSTRACTThe approach to managing the behavior of children in the dental environment must be based on empathy with a child in order to understand why the child is distressed, anxious or afraid.Any dentist treating children needs a spectrum of behavioral techniques from the simplest—tell and show all the way through to a full general anesthetic. Its use is indicated in specific situations and used only when appropriate.On this basis, the caring dentist discusses with the parent the likely need for various behavioral techniques in the child's management. In this study, we show our experience with oral and nasal sedation in a group of pediatric uncooperative dental patients.How to cite this article: Cantore S, Ballini A, Saini R. Sedation of Uncooperative Pediatric Dental Patients. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(1):29-32