Long term performance analysis of low concentrating photovoltaic (LCPV) systems for building retrofit

Low concentrating photovoltaic (LCPV) systems offer viable solution for generating higher energy output per unit cell area compared to a typical flat PV panel, making them potential candidates for building retrofit. However, the best LCPV geometry for a given location is yet to be identified. The current study investigates the technical, economic and environmental feasibility of three geometrically equivalent LCPV designs installed at a building within Brunel University London (UK). The studied LCPV systems comprised of Asymmetric Compound Parabolic Concentrating (ACPC), Compound Parabolic Concentrating (CPC) and V-Trough optical concentrators with the post-truncation geometric concentration ratios of 1.53, 1.46, 1.40 respectively. The performances of the prototypes have been monitored every 15 min over 10 months and analyzed on hourly, daily, and monthly basis. Performance parameters such as reference yield, array yield, performance ratio, electrical conversion efficiency and the generated energy output per unit area have been derived and presented. Payback periods have been estimated in two separate scenarios. Measurements have showed that the ACPC integrated LCPV achieved the highest annual optical efficiency generating the highest amount of electrical energy per unit cell area of 246.2 kWh/m2 compared to CPC-LCPV, V-Trough-LCPV and conventional flat modules which produced 224.6 kWh/m2, 196.1 kWh/m2 and 185.4 kWh/m2 respectively. One particular conclusion of the study is that the ACPC based LCPVs perform better in locations where diffuse component of solar radiation is predominant as in the case of the UK. Consequently, ACPC based LCPV modules are recommended for the building retrofit in such locations.European Union’s H2020 research and innovation programm

Generation of Phenothiazine with Potent Anti-TLK1 Activity for Prostate Cancer Therapy

Through in vitro kinase assays and docking studies, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a phenothiazine analog J54 with potent TLK1 inhibitory activity for prostate cancer (PCa) therapy. Most PCa deaths result from progressive failure in standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), leading to metastatic castration-resistant PCa. Treatments that can suppress the conversion to mCRPC have high potential to be rapidly implemented in the clinics. ADT results in increased expression of TLK1B, a key kinase upstream of NEK1 and ATR and mediating the DNA damage response that typically results in temporary cell-cycle arrest of androgen-responsive PCa cells, whereas its abrogation leads to apoptosis. We studied J54 as a potent inhibitor of this axis and as a mediator of apoptosis in vitro and in LNCaP xenografts, which has potential for clinical investigation in combination with ADT. J54 has low affinity for the dopamine receptor in modeling and competition studies and weak detrimental behavioral effects in mice and C. elegans

Inhibition of Ion Channels and Heart Beat in Drosophila by Selective COX-2 Inhibitor SC-791

Recent findings suggest that modulation of ion channels might be implicated in some of the clinical effects of coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Celecoxib and its inactive analog 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib, but not rofecoxib, can suppress or augment ionic currents and alter functioning of neurons and myocytes. To better understand these unexpected effects, we have recently investigated the mechanism of inhibition of human Kv2.1 channels by a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor SC-791. In this study we have further explored the SC-791 action on ion channels and heartbeat in Drosophila, which lacks cyclooxygenases and thus can serve as a convenient model to study COX-2-independent mechanisms of coxibs. Using intracellular recordings in combination with a pharmacological approach and utilizing available Drosophila mutants, we found that SC-791 inhibited voltage-activated K+ and L-type Ca2+ channels in larval body-wall muscles and reduced heart rate in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlike celecoxib and several other K+ channel blockers, SC-791 did not induce arrhythmia. Instead, application of SC-791 resulted in a dramatic slowing of contractions and, at higher concentrations, in progressively weaker contractions with gradual cessation of heartbeat. Isradipine, a selective blocker of L-type Ca2+ channels, showed a similar pattern of heart arrest, though no prolongation of contractions was observed. Ryanodine was the only channel modulating compound of those tested additionally that was capable of slowing contractions. Like SC-791, ryanodine reduced heart rate without arrhythmia. However, it could not stop heartbeat completely even at 500 µM, the highest concentration used. The magnitude of heart rate reduction, when SC-791 and ryanodine were applied together, was smaller than expected for independent mechanisms, raising the possibility that SC-791 might be interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in Drosophila heart

Passive Prophylactic Administration with a Single Dose of Anti-Fel d 1 Monoclonal Antibodies REGN1908-1909 in Cat Allergen-Induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial

RATIONALE: Sensitization to Felis domesticus allergen 1 (Fel d 1) contributes to persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma. Existing treatment options for cat allergy, including allergen immunotherapy (AIT) are only moderately effective, and AIT has limited use due to safety concerns. OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship among the pharmaokinteic, clinical, and immunological effects of REGN1908-1909 (anti-Fel d 1 monoclonal antibodies) in patients after treatment. METHODS: Patients received REGN1908-1909 (n=36) or placebo (n=37) in a phase 1b study. Fel d 1-induced basophil and IgE-facilitated allergen binding responses were evaluated at baseline and days 8, 29 and 85. Cytokine and chemokine levels in nasal fluids were measured. REGN1908-1909 inhibition of allergen-IgE binding in patient serum was evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Peak serum drug concentrations were concordant with maximal observed clinical response. The anti-Fel d 1 IgE/cat-dander IgE ratio in pretreatment serum correlated with Total Nasal Symptom Score improvement. The allergen neutralizing capacity of REGN1908-1909 was observed in serum and nasal fluid, and was detected in an inhibition assay. Type-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) and chemokines (CCL17/TARC, CCL5/RANTES) in nasal fluid were inhibited in REGN1908-1909-treated patients compared to placebo (all P < 0.05); IL-13 and IL-5 levels correlated with TNSS improvement. Ex vivo assays demonstrated that REGN1908 and REGN1909 combined was more potent than each alone for inhibiting FcεRI- and FcεRII (CD23)-mediated allergic responses and subsequent T-cell activation. CONCLUSION: Single passive dose administration of Fel d 1-neutralizing IgG antibodies improved nasal symptoms in cat-allergic patients, and was underscored by suppression of FcεRI-, FcεRII- and Th2-mediated allergic responses. Clinical trial registration available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT02127801

A survey of performance enhancement of transmission control protocol (TCP) in wireless ad hoc networks

This Article is provided by the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund - Copyright @ 2011 Springer OpenTransmission control protocol (TCP), which provides reliable end-to-end data delivery, performs well in traditional wired network environments, while in wireless ad hoc networks, it does not perform well. Compared to wired networks, wireless ad hoc networks have some specific characteristics such as node mobility and a shared medium. Owing to these specific characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks, TCP faces particular problems with, for example, route failure, channel contention and high bit error rates. These factors are responsible for the performance degradation of TCP in wireless ad hoc networks. The research community has produced a wide range of proposals to improve the performance of TCP in wireless ad hoc networks. This article presents a survey of these proposals (approaches). A classification of TCP improvement proposals for wireless ad hoc networks is presented, which makes it easy to compare the proposals falling under the same category. Tables which summarize the approaches for quick overview are provided. Possible directions for further improvements in this area are suggested in the conclusions. The aim of the article is to enable the reader to quickly acquire an overview of the state of TCP in wireless ad hoc networks.This study is partly funded by Kohat University of Science & Technology (KUST), Pakistan, and the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan

The NeST (Neoadjuvant systemic therapy in breast cancer) study: National Practice Questionnaire of United Kingdom multi-disciplinary decision making.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) is increasingly used in the treatment of breast cancer, yet it is clear that there is significant geographical variation in its use in the UK. This study aimed to examine stated practice across UK breast units, in terms of indications for use, radiological monitoring, pathological reporting of treatment response, and post-treatment surgical management. METHODS: Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) from all UK breast units were invited to participate in the NeST study. A detailed questionnaire assessing current stated practice was distributed to all participating units in December 2017 and data collated securely usingREDCap. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each questionnaire item. RESULTS: Thirty-nine MDTs from a diverse range of hospitals responded. All MDTs routinely offered neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) to a median of 10% (range 5-60%) of patients. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) was offered to a median of 4% (range 0-25%) of patients by 66% of MDTs. The principal indication given for use of neoadjuvant therapy was for surgical downstaging. There was no consensus on methods of radiological monitoring of response, and a wide variety of pathological reporting systems were used to assess tumour response. Twenty-five percent of centres reported resecting the original tumour footprint, irrespective of clinical/radiological response. Radiologically negative axillae at diagnosis routinely had post-NACT or post-NET sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in 73.0 and 84% of centres respectively, whereas 16% performed SLNB pre-NACT. Positive axillae at diagnosis would receive axillary node clearance at 60% of centres, regardless of response to NACT. DISCUSSION: There is wide variation in the stated use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy across the UK, with general low usage of NET. Surgical downstaging remains the most common indication of the use of NAC, although not all centres leverage the benefits of NAC for de-escalating surgery to the breast and/or axilla. There is a need for agreed multidisciplinary guidance for optimising selection and management of patients for NST. These findings will be corroborated in phase II of the NeST study which is a national collaborative prospective audit of NST utilisation and clinical outcomes

Dynamic response of a cracked atomic force microscope cantilever used for nanomachining

The vibration behavior of an atomic force microscope [AFM] cantilever with a crack during the nanomachining process is studied. The cantilever is divided into two segments by the crack, and a rotational spring is used to simulate the crack. The two individual governing equations of transverse vibration for the cracked cantilever can be expressed. However, the corresponding boundary conditions are coupled because of the crack interaction. Analytical expressions for the vibration displacement and natural frequency of the cracked cantilever are obtained. In addition, the effects of crack flexibility, crack location, and tip length on the vibration displacement of the cantilever are analyzed. Results show that the crack occurs in the AFM cantilever that can significantly affect its vibration response

Compared to conventional, ecological intensive management promotes beneficial proteolytic soil microbial communities for agro-ecosystem functioning under climate change-induced rain regimes

Projected climate change and rainfall variability will affect soil microbial communities, biogeochemical cycling and agriculture. Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in agroecosystems and its cycling and availability is highly dependent on microbial driven processes. In agroecosystems, hydrolysis of organic nitrogen (N) is an important step in controlling soil N availability. We analyzed the effect of management (ecological intensive vs. conventional intensive) on N-cycling processes and involved microbial communities under climate change-induced rain regimes. Terrestrial model ecosystems originating from agroecosystems across Europe were subjected to four different rain regimes for 263 days. Using structural equation modelling we identified direct impacts of rain regimes on N-cycling processes, whereas N-related microbial communities were more resistant. In addition to rain regimes, management indirectly affected N-cycling processes via modifications of N-related microbial community composition. Ecological intensive management promoted a beneficial N-related microbial community composition involved in N-cycling processes under climate change-induced rain regimes. Exploratory analyses identified phosphorus-associated litter properties as possible drivers for the observed management effects on N-related microbial community composition. This work provides novel insights into mechanisms controlling agro-ecosystem functioning under climate change

"Arabic is the language of the Muslims–that's how it was supposed to be": exploring language and religious identity through reflective accounts from young British-born South Asians

This study explores how a group of young British-born South Asians understood and defined their religious and linguistic identities, focusing upon the role played by heritage languages and liturgical languages and by religious socialisation. Twelve British-born South Asians were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. Interview transcripts were subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four superordinate themes are reported. These addressed participants' meaning-making regarding "the sanctification of language" and the consequential suitability of "the liturgical language as a symbol of religious community"; the themes of "ethnic pride versus religious identity" and "linguistic Otherness and religious alienation" concerned potential ethno-linguistic barriers to a positive religious identity. Findings are interpreted in terms of concepts drawn from relevant identity theories and tentative recommendations are offered concerning the facilitation of positive religious and ethnic identities