Riots, social movements and the “making of the working class”: forms of popular organization and urban protest in São Paulo (1945-1964) | Quebra-quebras, movimentos sociais e a “formação da classe trabalhadora”: formas de organização popular e protesto urbano em São Paulo (1945-1964)

The present article investigates the expressions of popular demands and discontent within three forms of manifestation: riots, non-class-based “social movements”, and movements organized by the “working classes” or “workers”. By examining these different movements we expect to problematize the recurring literature surrounding these movements, which has often characterized them as being insufficient or incomplete, reactive and subordinate to higher authorities, thus being void of any transforming power. It is therefore hoped that this article may contribute to a debate that would seek to transcend the very frequently encountered viewpoint that popular protests have been sporadic, rare phenomena throughout Brazilian history

Memórias e reflexões sobre a desvalorização da educação física na escola brasileira

This production aims to reflect on the possible devaluation of Physical Education in the Brazilian school, identifying the factors and / or subjects that contribute to this situation. For this, a literature review was carried out, focusing primarily on books, scientific articles, which presented important definitions and considerations regarding the theme. Physical education is a curricular component that is often misunderstood by some teachers, students and managers as an extracurricular subject, which does not influence one of the main objectives of the school today, which is the preparation of students for the realization of large-scale external evaluations and approval in entrance exams for the future insertion of students in the labor market.Este artigo tem o objetivo refletir sobre a possível desvalorização da Educação Física na escola brasileira, identificando os fatores e/ou sujeitos que contribuem para esta situação. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura, enfocando prioritariamente em livros artigos científicos, que apresentassem definições e considerações importantes referentes à temática. A educação física é um componente curricular entendido, muitas vezes, de forma equivocada, por alguns professores, alunos e gestores como uma disciplina extracurricular, que não influi para um dos principais objetivos da escola atualmente, que é a preparação dos alunos para a realização das avaliações externas de larga escala e a aprovação em vestibulares para a futura inserção dos alunos no mercado de trabalho. Com base nos dados e resultados da pesquisa, conclui-se que o sujeito que mais contribui para a desvalorização apresenta-se de forma bastante variável, pois verifica-se que ora é apenas o professor, ora gestores ou até mesmo os alunos

Application of the graph model for conflict resolution in the truck driver strike in Brazil: a Case Study

One of the most stressful human interactions is conflict. In some cases, it can bring high losses even to parties that are not involved in the conflict. A possible scenario for resolving the conflict can be found using a Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) which is a tool used to analyze conflicts and present scenarios that can be seen as possible solutions to the conflict. Considering several stability criteria, in this work, we present a case study: the historical background, the modeling using the GMCR and the stable states according to the presented criteria of a conflict that occurred in Brazil, where truck drivers went on strike and generated damages to the population such as a supply crisis (of food, medicines, fuel, among other products) and financial losses to the government (delay in the flow of goods, crowding of ports, among others), mainly in cities far from large urban centers and in centers for the flow of goods by road

Rendimento forrageiro da Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu submetida à doses crescentes de fósforo

Aimed to evaluate the forage yield of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu when grown with increasing levels of phosphorus, to obtain data for a better recommendation. The experiment was carried out during 2006/2007 in a greenhouse belonging to the State University of Montes Claros in Janaúba, MG. The experimental units used were plastic pots to 6 dm ³ of soil, filled with an Oxisol. The experiment was performed with six P levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg P2O5 / ha) in the form of single superphosphate in a completely randomized design with five replications. Were harvested three times the shoot in the range of 35 days. At forty-five days after planting, became one of regrowth of the five plants per pot 10 cm above the ground. The materials from the first, second and third cuts were separated into leaves, stems and total dry matter. At the time of the last cut was made to count tillers per pot, and extraction of roots. Yields of total dry matter of leaves and stems, numbers of tillers per pot and dry weight of roots were evaluated. These parameters only the production of dry roots showed no significance at 10% by the test "F". Phosphorus fertilization positively influenced the production of total dry matter of leaves and stems and the number of tillers, but no significant difference was observed for the production of dry roots.Objetivou-se avaliar o rendimento forrageiro da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu quando cultivada com doses crescentes de fósforo, para se obter subsídios para uma recomendação mais adequada. O experimento foi conduzido entre os anos 2006/2007 em casa de vegetação pertencente a Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros [1]em Janaúba, MG. As unidades experimentais utilizadas foram vasos plásticos com capacidade para 6 dm³ de solo, preenchidos com latossolo vermelho eutrófico. O experimento foi montado com seis doses de P (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 Kg de P2O5 /ha) na forma de superfosfato simples, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizados, com cinco repetições. Foram realizados três cortes da parte aérea no intervalo de 35 dias. Aos quarenta e cinco dias após o plantio, fez-se um corte de uniformização das cinco plantas de cada vaso a 10 cm do solo. Os materiais provenientes do primeiro, segundo e terceiro corte foram separados em folhas, hastes e matéria seca total. Na ocasião do ultimo corte foi efetuada a contagem de perfilhos por vaso e extração das raízes. As produções da matéria seca total, das folhas e hastes, números de perfilhos por vaso e matéria seca das raízes foram avaliadas. Destes parâmetros apenas a produção da matéria seca das raízes não apresentou significância ao nível de 10% pelo teste “F“. A adubação fosfatada influenciou positivamente a produção da matéria seca total, das folhas e das hastes e o número de perfilhos, contudo não foi observada diferença significativa para produção da matéria seca das raízes

O Largo da Banana e a presença negra em São Paulo

The Largo da Banana relates to the history of the black population in São Paulo. Acknowledged as one of São Paulo’s “cradle” of samba, samba musicians are its main spokespersons. Largo da Banana used to be located near the former Barra Funda Railway Station. From the first decades to around half the Twentieth century, informal laborers in the railway logistics used to gather together in that space. Within a precarious and unsteady daily life, they used to play samba and tiririca. In the fifties, the municipality built the Pacaembu Viaduct in that area, aiming to extend the homonym avenue beyond the railway road. In the sixties, samba musician Geraldo Filme wrote two songs in which he paid homage to Largo da Banana and regrettedits disappearance after the viaduct’s inauguration. In these and other of his songs, the artist recorded his perceptions on the life conditions of São Paulo’s blacks and samba musicians, their sociabilities, and also the urban changes he witnessed. Considering that his artistic work contributes to enlighten aspects of social reality, I analyze some of his songs to interpret the sociabilities at Largo da Banana, as well as the urban intervention in that location.O Largo da Banana está associado à história da população negra em São Paulo. Reconhecido como um dos “berços” do samba paulista, é sobretudo através dos próprios sambistas que essa história pode hoje ser conhecida. Localizado junto à antiga estação da Barra Funda, desde as primeiras décadas até meados do século passado, aquele espaço concentrou trabalhadores informais vinculados às atividades da ferrovia. Em meio a um cotidiano precário e instável, essa população realizava rodas de samba e de tiririca. Nos anos 1950, foi construído naquele local o Viaduto Pacaembu, que prolongava a avenida homônima para além davia férrea. A partir da década de 1960, o sambista negro Geraldo Filme compôs duas canções em que homenageava o Largo da Banana e lamentava seu desaparecimento após a inauguração do viaduto. Nessas e em outras composições, o artista registrou suas percepções sobre as condições de vida da população negra e sambista na cidade, suas sociabilidades, bem como sobre as transformações urbanas que testemunhou. Considerando que sua obra artística contribui para iluminar aspectos da realidade social, ela é adotada como fonte para analisar as formas de sociabilidade no Largo da Banana e a intervenção urbanística naquele local

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings