The Effects of the Minimum Wage in Brazil on the Distribution of Family Incomes: 1996-2001

The Brazilian economy has long relied on the minimum wage, having first implemented a minimum in 1940. Shortly after taking office in 2003, Brazil’s President raised the minimum wage by 20 percent and promised to double the value of the minimum wage before his term ends in 2006. The usual rationale for minimum wage increases is to bring about beneficial changes in the income distribution, by raising incomes of poor and low-income families. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of the minimum wage in Brazil in bringing about these changes in the income distribution. We examine data drawn from Brazil’s major metropolitan areas, studying the years after Brazil’s hyper-inflation ended. The estimates provide no evidence that minimum wages in Brazil lift family incomes at the lower points of the income distribution; if anything some of the evidence points to adverse effects on lower-income families.

PENINGKATAN PRESTASI DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE GROUP INVESTIGATION DI SMA NEGERI 8 BANDA ACEH

ABSTRAKJul Siga Putra (2017) Peningkatan Prestasi dan Motivasi Belajar Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Group Investigation di SMA N 8 Banda Aceh. Rendahnya prestasi dan motivasi belajar siswa dalam belajar matematika menunjukkan perlunya upaya guru untuk melakukan perbaikan dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran matematika. Hal ini dapat dilakukan melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi dan motivasi belajar siswa yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen (Pretest-Posttes Control Group Design). Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 8 Banda Aceh. Sedangkan sampel penelitianya itu siswa pada kelas XI 1.3 (eksperimen) dan kelas XI 1.4 (kontrol). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua macam instrumen yaitu tes prestasi belajar dan angket motivasi siswa. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan uji perbedaan rata-rata nilai N-gain antara kedua kelas, yaitu uji t. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa 1) peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation lebih baik dari pada siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran konvensional, dan 2) peningkatan motivasi belajar siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation lebih baik dari pada siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran konvensional. Penggunaan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation dalam pembelajaran terbukti dapat meningkatkan prestasi dan motivasi belajar siswa, sehingga penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation dapat diperluas pada pembelajaran topik matematika lainnya.Kata kunci: Prestasi belajar, Motivasi, Model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation

Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction

This paper selectively synthesizes much of the research on Latin American and Caribbean labor markets in recent years. Several themes emerge that are particularly relevant to ongoing policy dialogues. First, labor legislation matters, but markets may be less segmented than previously thought. The impetus to voluntary informality, which appears to be a substantial fraction of the sector, implies that the design of social safety nets and labor legislation needs to take a more integrated view of the labor market, taking into account the cost-benefit analysis workers and firms make about whether to interact with formal institutions. Second, the impact of labor market institutions on productivity growth has probably been underemphasized. Draconian firing restrictions increase litigation and uncertainty surrounding worker separations, reduce turnover and job creation, and poorly protect workers. But theory and anecdotal evidence also suggest that they, and other related state or union induced rigidities, may have an even greater disincentive effect on technological adoption, which accounts for half of economic growth. Finally, institutions can affect poverty and equity, although the effects seem generally small and channels are not always clear. Overall, the present constellation of labor regulations serves workers and firms poorly and both could benefit from substantial reform.Labor Markets,Labor Standards,Economic Theory&Research,Work&Working Conditions,Labor Management and Relations

動的遠心模型実験による液状化の影響を受けやすい盛土におけるアーチ作用に基づく補強アプローチ

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(工学)甲第25591号工博第5281号新制||工||2005(附属図書館)京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻(主査)教授 肥後 陽介, 教授 渦岡 良介, 准教授 澤村 康生, 准教授 PIPATPONGSA Thirapong学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering)Kyoto UniversityDFA

Nineteenth-Century Co-Production of Knowledge about West Africa. The Case of D’Escayrac and West African Pilgrims

Focusing on the cross-cultural interaction between a French traveller and pilgrims from West Africa, this study analyses the actors involved in the construction of European knowledge about West African societies in the mid-nineteenth century. It stresses the role of pilgrims, actors that were often considered peripheral to European knowledge production. The use of the concept of knowledge circulation allows me to explore dimensions of knowledge production such as power relations, resistance, or negotiation, described in the travel account. The paper argues that despite the asymmetries in the pilgrim-traveller relationship, pilgrims co-produced the traveller’s knowledge about West Africa.Focusing on the cross-cultural interaction between a French traveller and pilgrims from West Africa, this study analyses the actors involved in the construction of European knowledge about West African societies in the mid-nineteenth century. It stresses the role of pilgrims, actors that were often considered peripheral to European knowledge production. The use of the concept of knowledge circulation allows me to explore dimensions of knowledge production such as power relations, resistance, or negotiation, described in the travel account. The paper argues that despite the asymmetries in the pilgrim-traveller relationship, pilgrims co-produced the traveller’s knowledge about West Africa

Mission and Conversion in the Changing Context of India with the Growth of Hindutva Movement – the Christian Response

Ek is inderdaad dankbaar teenoor God en prof. Pieter Verster vir hierdie geleentheid om weer ’n keer na Suid-Afrika te kom, en deel te neem aan internasionale interaksie oor ’n tema wat uitermate belangrik is binne ons Indiese, asook die globale konteks vandag. Sending en bekering is ’n besonder brandende kwessie in hedendaagse Indië. Wat ek hier aanbied is ’n Indiese gevallestudie, met die doel om ’n globale verstaan van ons situasie teweeg te bring en ’n oproep om vennootskapsluiting te doen om die Indiese kerklike sending aan Indië, die grootste demokrasie op aarde vandag, te bevorder. Ten einde ons in ’n historiese perspektief in te lei oor die wyse waarop die sendinggeskiedenis in Indië ontwikkel het, en om die status van bekering in die Indiese situasie te bestudeer, sal ek die gegewens kronologies-omlynd aanbied