Local martingale difference approach for service selection with dynamic QoS

AbstractUsers in Service-oriented architecture (SOA) seek the best Quality of service (QoS) by service selection from the candidates responding in succession. In case the QoS changes dynamically, choosing one service and stop the searching is problematic for a service user who makes the choice online. Lack of accurate knowledge of service distribution, the user is unable to make a good decision. The Local Martingale Difference (LMD) approach is developed in this paper to help users to achieve optimal results, in the sense of probability. The stopping time is proved to be bounded to ensure the existence of an optimal solution first. Then, a global estimation over the time horizon is transformed to a local determination based on current martingale difference to make the algorithm feasible. Independent of any predetermined threshold or manual intervention, LMD enables users to stop around the optimal time, based on the information collected during the stochastic process. Verified to be efficient by comparison with three traditional methods, LMD is adaptable in vast applications with dynamic QoS

Second harmonic optical coherence tomography

Second harmonic optical coherence tomography, which uses coherence gating of second-order nonlinear optical response of biological tissues for imaging, is described and demonstrated. Femtosecond laser pulses were used to excite second harmonic waves from collagen harvested from rat tail tendon and a reference nonlinear crystal. Second harmonic interference fringe signals were detected and used for image construction. Because of the strong dependence of second harmonic generation on molecular and tissue structures, this technique offers contrast and resolution enhancement to conventional optical coherence tomography.Comment: 3 pages, 5 figures. Submitted on November 8, 2003, this paper has recently been accepted by Optics Letter

The feasibility of Sn, In, or Al doped ZnSb thin film as candidates for phase change material

The potentials of Sn, In, or Al doped ZnSb thin film as candidates for phase change materials have been studied in this paper. It was found that the Zn-Sb bonds were broken by the addition of the dopants and homopolar Zn-Zn bonds and other heteropolar bonds, such as Sn-Sb, In-Sb, and Al-Sb, were subsequently formed. The existence of homopolar Sn-Sn and In-In bonds in Zn₅₀Sb₃₆Sn₁₄ and Zn₄₁Sb₃₆In₂₃ films, but no any Al-Al bonds in Zn₃₅Sb₃₀Al₃₅ film, was confirmed. All these three amorphous films crystallize with the appearance of crystalline rhombohedral Sb phase, and Zn₃₅Sb₃₅Al₃₅ film even exhibits a second crystallization process where the crystalline AlSb phase is separated out. The Zn₃₅Sb₃₀Al₃₅ film exhibits a reversible phase change behavior with a larger Ea ( 4.7 eV), higher Tc (~ 245ᴼ C), better 10-yr data retention (~ 182ᴼ C), less incubation time (20 ns at 70 mW), and faster complete crystallization speed (45 ns at 70 mW). Moreover, Zn₃₅Sb₃₀Al₃₅ film shows the smaller root-mean-square (1.654 nm) and less change of the thickness between amorphous and crystalline state (7.5%), which are in favor of improving the reliability of phase change memory.This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61306147, 61377061), the Public Project of Zhejiang Province (Grant No.2014C31146), the Young Leaders of academic climbing project of the Education Department of Zhejiang Province (pd2013092), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LQ15F040002), the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Ningbo University, and sponsored by K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University

Shadow-Aware Dynamic Convolution for Shadow Removal

With a wide range of shadows in many collected images, shadow removal has aroused increasing attention since uncontaminated images are of vital importance for many downstream multimedia tasks. Current methods consider the same convolution operations for both shadow and non-shadow regions while ignoring the large gap between the color mappings for the shadow region and the non-shadow region, leading to poor quality of reconstructed images and a heavy computation burden. To solve this problem, this paper introduces a novel plug-and-play Shadow-Aware Dynamic Convolution (SADC) module to decouple the interdependence between the shadow region and the non-shadow region. Inspired by the fact that the color mapping of the non-shadow region is easier to learn, our SADC processes the non-shadow region with a lightweight convolution module in a computationally cheap manner and recovers the shadow region with a more complicated convolution module to ensure the quality of image reconstruction. Given that the non-shadow region often contains more background color information, we further develop a novel intra-convolution distillation loss to strengthen the information flow from the non-shadow region to the shadow region. Extensive experiments on the ISTD and SRD datasets show our method achieves better performance in shadow removal over many state-of-the-arts. Our code is available at https://github.com/xuyimin0926/SADC

Analysis of Postnatal Eye Development in the Mouse with High-Resolution Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PURPOSE. Studies of myopia in mice have been complicated by the difficulty in obtaining accurate measurements of small changes observed in the growing mouse eye in vivo and the lack of data on refractive eye development. The purpose of this study was to carry out an in vivo high-resolution analysis of mouse eye growth and refractive development. METHODS. High-resolution small animal magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution infrared photorefraction were used to analyze refractive development in postnatal day (P)21 to P89 C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS. The growth of the mouse eye decelerated after P40. The eye maintained a slightly prolate shape during growth. The anterior chamber growth exhibited a similar pattern, whereas the corneal radius of curvature (CRC) increased linearly. The growth rate of the lens remained constant until P89. The lens "overgrew" the eye at P40, resulting in a decline in vitreous chamber depth. Mice showed myopic refractive errors at a younger age (Ϫ13.2 Ϯ 2.0 D; mean Ϯ SD, P21). The refractive errors stabilized around emmetropic values by P32 and remained emmetropic until P40. Mice became progressively hyperopic with age (ϩ1.2 Ϯ 1.7 D, P67; ϩ3.6 Ϯ 2.3 D, P89). CONCLUSIONS. Development of ocular components in the mouse is similar to that of the tree shrew but different from that of higher primates and humans. Primary differences can be attributed to the age-related changes of the crystalline lens and CRC. In spite of these differences, mice appear to be able to achieve and maintain emmetropic refractive status at P32 to P40. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:21-27) DOI:10.1167/iovs.08-2767 P ostnatal eye development is a tightly coordinated process whereby visual input regulates growth of the eye in a process called emmetropization. 1 Emmetropization is a result of the eye's capacity to adjust its growth during early postnatal development according to the quality of the image received by the retina. In the emmetropic primate eye, the refractive power of the optical media is tightly linked to the size of its vitreous chamber. 2,3 The failure of emmetropization often leads to the development of myopia. Approximately 20% to 30% of the myopic population has high myopia, which is often accompanied by serious complications such as retinal detachment and posterior staphyloma. 4 Degradation of the visual input by eyelid fusion, diffusers, or spectacle lenses during the early postnatal period has been shown to lead to the abnormal enlargement of the eye and the development of myopia in several vertebrate species, including nonhuman primates, 8 tree shrews, 9 and chickens. 11 This, combined with a number of wellestablished techniques for genome manipulation, has made it a very popular model for studies of visual system plasticity, 14,22-27 For the same reasons, the mouse may become a very powerful tool in studies of refractive eye development and myopia. Several recent cross-sectional studies of postnatal mouse eye development have established the general pattern of postnatal mouse eye growth. 28 -32 One study using optical low coherence interferometry (OLCI) measurements of the axial length suggested that the mouse eye stops growing at around postnatal day (P)40. In the present study, we used high-resolution small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution automated eccentric infrared photorefractometry to conduct a longitudinal study of the normal development of the refractive state and the dimensions of ocular components in C57BL/6J mice. We show that different eye components exhibit unique growth patterns during early postnatal development. We also show that, similar to other mammals, mice undergo emmetropization after birth. These results make the mouse a highly useful species for studies in refractive eye development and myopia

A high energy output and low onset temperature nanothermite based on three-dimensional ordered macroporous nano-NiFe2O4

Three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) Al/NiFe2O4 nanothermite has been obtained by colloidal crystal templating method combined with magnetron sputtering processing. Owing to the superior material properties and unique 3DOM structural characteristics of composite metal oxides, the heat output of the Al/NiFe2O4 nanothermite is up to 2921.7 J g− 1, which is more than the values of Al/NiO and Al/Fe2O3 nanothermites in literature. More importantly, by comparison to the other two nanothermites, the onset temperature of 298.2 °C from Al/NiFe2O4 is remarkably low, which means it can be ignited more easily. Laser ignition experiment indicate that the synthesized Al/NiFe2O4 nanothermite can be easily ignited by laser. In addition, the preparation process is highly compatible with the MEMS technology. These exciting achievements have great potential to expand the scope of nanothermite applications

Enhanced thermal stability and electrical behavior of Zn-doped Sb2Te films for phase change memory application

Zn-doped Sb₂Te films are proposed to present the feasibility for phase-change memory application. Zn atoms are found to significantly increase crystallization temperature of Zn x (Sb₂Te)1−x films and be almost linearly with the wide range of Zn-doping concentration from x = 0 to 29.67 at.%. Crystalline resistances are enhanced by Zn-doping, while keeping the large amorphous/crystalline resistance ratio almost constant at ∼10⁵. Especially, the Zn 26.07 (Sb₂Te)73.93 and Zn 29.67 (Sb₂Te)70.33 films exhibit a larger resistance change, faster crystallization speed, and better thermal stability due to the formation of amorphous Zn-Sb and Zn-Te phases as well as uniform distribution of Sb₂Te crystalline grains

3D ordered macroporous NiO/Al nanothermite film with significantly improved higher heat output, lower ignition temperature and less gas production

The performances of nanothermites largely rely on a meticulous design of nanoarchitectures and the close assembly of components. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) NiO/Al nanothermite film has been successfully fabricated by integrating colloidal crystal template (CCT) method and controllable magnetron sputtering. The as-prepared NiO/Al film shows uniform structure and homogeneous dispersity, with greatly improved interfacial contact between fuel and oxidizer at the nanoscale. The total heat output of 3DOM NiO/Al nanothermite has reached 2461.27 J·g−1 at optimal deposition time of 20 min, which is significantly more than the values of other NiO/Al structural systems that have been reported before. Intrinsic reduced ignition temperature (onset temperature) and less gas production render the wide applications of 3DOM NiO/Al nanothermite. Moreover, this design strategy can also be readily generalized to realize diverse 3DOM structured nanothermites

Simultaneous Ni Doping at Atom Scale in Ceria and Assembling into Well-Defined Lotuslike Structure for Enhanced Catalytic Performance

Oxide materials with redox capability have attracted worldwide attentions in many applications. Introducing defects into crystal lattice is an effective method to modify and optimize redox capability of oxides as well as their catalytic performance. However, the relationship between intrinsic characteristics of defects and properties of oxides has been rarely reported. Herein, we report a facile strategy to introduce defects by doping a small amount of Ni atoms (∼1.8 at. %) into ceria lattice at atomic level through the effect of microstructure of crystal on the redox property of ceria. Amazingly, a small amount of single Ni atom-doped ceria has formed a homogeneous solid solution with uniform lotuslike morphology. It performs an outstanding catalytic performance of a reduced T50 of CO oxidation at 230 °C, which is 135 °C lower than that of pure CeO2 (365 °C). This is largely attributed to defects such as lattice distortion, crystal defects and elastic strain induced by Ni dopants. The DFT calculation has revealed that the electron density distribution of oxygen ions near Ni dopant, the reduced formation energy of oxygen vacancy originated from local chemical effect caused by local distortion after Ni doping. These differences have a great effect on increasing the concentration of oxygen vacancies and enhancing the migration of lattice oxygen from bulk to a surface which is closely related to optimized redox properties. As a result, oxygen storage capacity and the associated catalytic reactivity has been largely increased. We have clearly demonstrated the change of crystal lattice and the charge distribution effectively modify its chemical and physical properties at the atomic scale