Carbon stress gage comparison

Non

Introduction to the issue on laser beam combining and fiber laser systems

The 27 papers in this special issue focus on laser beam combining and fiber laser systems

The Vh2 and Vh4 scab resistance genes in two diffferential hosts derived from Russian apple R12740-7A map to the same linkage group of apple

Russian apple R12740-7A is the designation for an accession grown from seed collected in Russia, which was found to be highly resistant to apple scab. The resistance has historically been attributed to a naturally pyramided complex involving three major genes: one race-nonspecific gene, Vr, conditioning resistance to all known races, plus two race-specific genes. The race-nonspecific gene was identified as an independently segregating gene by Dayton and Williams (1968) and is referred to in this paper as Vr-DW. The first researchers to study the scab resistance gene complex in Russian apple never described the phenotype conditioned by the race-nonspecific gene. Later, Aldwinckle et al. (1976) associated the name Vr with a scab resistance gene conditioning distinctive stellate necrotic reactions, which we refer to as Vr-A in order to distinguish it from Vr-DW. We show that the segregation ratios in progenies from the scab differential hosts 2 and 4 that are derived from Russian apple, crossed with susceptible cultivars were consistent with a single gene conditioning resistance in each host. The genes have been named Vh2 and Vh4, respectively. Resistant segregants from host 2 showed stellate necrotic reactions, while those from host 4 showed hypersensitive reactions. Both the phenotypes and the genetic maps for the genes in the respective hosts were very similar to those of the genes previously named Vr-A and Vx, respectively, in an F1 family of Russian apple. We showed that race 2 of V. inaequalis isolated from host 2 was able to infect resistant descendants of the non-differential accession PRI 442-23 as well as host 2. The descendants of PRI 442-23 were expected to carry the race-nonspecific Vr-DW gene, but in fact carry Vr-A. We conclude that the Vh2 gene in host 2 and Vr-A are the same, and that the Vh4 gene in host 4 and Vx are the same. However, a major finding of this study is that the latter gene mapped to linkage group 2 of apple instead of linkage group 10 as suggested from previous research. With the two race-specific genes from Russian apple defined now, we discuss the nature of the race-nonspecific Vr-DW gene in this accession. We also report the identification of a new scab resistance gene, VT57, from either Golden Delicious or Red Dougherty, which conditions chlorotic resistance reactions and is linked to Vh

Towards a Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System: an Initial Design for the Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association

A conceptual design for a southeast United States regional coastal ocean observing system (RCOOS) is built upon a partnership between institutions of the region and among elements of the academic, government and private sectors. This design envisions support of a broad range of applications (e.g., marine operations, natural hazards, and ecosystem-based management) through the routine operation of predictive models that utilize the system observations to ensure their validity. A distributed information management system enables information flow, and a centralized information hub serves to aggregate information regionally and distribute it as needed. A variety of observing assets are needed to satisfy model requirements. An initial distribution of assets is proposed that recognizes the physical structure and forcing in the southeast U.S. coastal ocean. In-situ data collection includes moorings, profilers and gliders to provide 3D, time-dependent sampling, HF radar and surface drifters for synoptic sampling of surface currents, and satellite remote sensing of surface ocean properties. Nested model systems are required to properly represent ocean conditions from the outer edge of the EEZ to the watersheds. An effective RCOOS will depend upon a vital National Backbone (federally supported) system of in situ and satellite observations, model products, and data management. This dependence highlights the needs for a clear definition of the National Backbone components and a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) that defines the roles, functions and interactions of regional and federal components of the integrated system. A preliminary CONOPS is offered for the Southeast (SE) RCOOS. Thorough system testing is advocated using a combination of application-specific and process-oriented experiments. Estimates of costs and personnel required as initial components of the SE RCOOS are included. Initial thoughts on the Research and Development program required to support the RCOOS are also outlined