Water User Associations (WUAs) in Kyrgyzstan : A Case Study on Institutional Reform in Local Irrigation Management

This article aims to give an overview over the reform of local irrigation management by its transfer to Water User Associations and to identify obstacles for its success. Its main focus are institutional aspects of the reform and not technical issues. Institutions are understood as formal as well as informal rules - societal accepted ways of behavior, which can be laws, traditions, norms and values. A subtype of institutions are organizations as the ones that enforce those rules but are also shaped by these. 3 The existing institutions are still active Soviet ones as well as pre-Soviet and post-Soviet norms and rules that emerged after the decline of the binding power of the Soviet system. Water management is nested into certain cultural norms of behavior that limit the compliance to rules that are not perceived as legitimately. The study therewith combines rationalistic and constructivist approaches of NeoInstitutionalism by analyzing incentives influencing actors? choices but also by assessing the role cultural and societal norms and values play in determining appropriate choices. --

The Politics of Irrigation Reform in Tajikistan

The present study was compiled within the framework of the research project ?Water Shortage, Water Use Conflicts and Water Management in Arid Environments of Central Asia?. Its objective is to analyze the causes and the effects of the growing water shortage and the increasing deterioration of the water quality in this region. The research activities compare the situation in four inland basins of Central Asia: the Aral Sea Basin, the Ili-Balkhash Basin, the Issyk-Kul Basin, and the Tarim Basin. One component of the project focuses on questions of water management on interstate as well as national level. --

The politics of irrigation reform in Tajikistan

The present study was compiled within the framework of the research project “Water Shortage, Water Use Conflicts and Water Management in Arid Environments of Central Asia”. Its objective is to analyze the causes and the effects of the growing water shortage and the increasing deterioration of the water quality in this region. The research activities compare the situation in four inland basins of Central Asia: the Aral Sea Basin, the Ili-Balkhash Basin, the Issyk-Kul Basin, and the Tarim Basin. One component of the project focuses on questions of water management on interstate as well as national level

Zwischenstaatliche Wassernutzungskonflikte in Zentralasien

Durch die Auflösung der Sowjetunion und die damit möglich gewordene Selbständigkeit der zentralasiatischen Republiken haben sich die Wasserprobleme verschärft. Die neuen nationalen Entwicklungsstrategien der Staaten führten zu widerstreitenden Nutzungsansprüchen an die Ressource Wasser, die sich in zahlreichen bilateralen Konfliktkonstellationen manifestiert. Wasser ist seit jeher in Trockengebieten ein strategischer Rohstoff wie in anderen Regionen das Erdöl und damit konfliktträchtig. Je knapper dieses Gut ist, desto größer ist die Gefahr kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass Wasserkriege in der Geschichte Mittelasiens keine Seltenheit sind. So sei zum Beispiel an die kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen dem Khan von Chiva und den benachbarten Jomutenstämmen um die Nutzung des Amudarja-Wassers 1850 - 1869 erinnert (Moskovskie Novostii No. 18, 1994; S. 8) oder an die wiederkehrenden Auseinandersetzungen um die Nutzung des Serafschan-Wassers zwischen Buchara und Samarkand. Häufig wurden auftretende Konflikte dadurch gelöst, dass man Städte und Oasen durch den Bau eines Staudamms von der Wasserversorgung abschnitt. Dieser Methode bediente sich aus der russische General Kaufmann im Jahre 1868, als er versuchte, Samarkand einzunehmen (vgl. Knobloch 1972, S. 146; Machatschek 1921, S. 278). Die weiterhin zunehmende Verknappung der Wasserressourcen in den Trockengebieten Zentralasien, von der vor allem Turkmenistan, Usbekistan und Xinjiang/VR China betroffen sind, erhöhen die Konfliktträchtigkeit zwischen den Oberanlieger- und Unteranliegerstaaten. Eine Bedrohung durch "Wasser-Kriege" , wie sie vor allem zu Beginn der 90er Jahre prognostiziert wurde, ist jedoch unserer Einschätzung nach derzeit nicht gegeben; gewaltsam ausgetragene Konflikte auf lokaler Ebene sind dagegen nicht auszuschließen und kommen auch vereinzelt vor. Darüber hinaus darf nicht vergessen werden, dass Wasser nicht nur Ursache für Konflikte ist, sondern auch Anlass zur Kooperation sein kann. Im Widerspruch zu weit verbreiteten Annahmen haben zahlreiche Studien in den vergangenen Jahren aufgezeigt, dass geteilte Wasserressourcen im Allgemeinen eher zu einer Kooperation als zu Konflikten führen. Damit jedoch die Wasserverteilung den beteiligten Staaten nicht als "Null-Summen-Spiel" erscheint sondern als "win-win-Situation", müssen entsprechende Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden. Eine effektive Kooperation setzt den politischen Willen der Eliten und die Überwindung von gegenseitigem Misstrauen, das die momentanen Beziehungen der zentralasiatischen Staaten untereinander prägt, voraus. Nur so ist eine Akzeptanz für ein regionales integriertes Wassermanagement auf politischer und gesellschaftlicher Ebene zu erreichen. -- The water resources in Central Asia are distributed highly unequal between the republics: in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan most of the resources are formed, while they are used mainly in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan for irrigation agriculture. After the break-up of the Soviet Union several disagreements about water usage due to different usage priorities developed. As the energysystem of the Soviet Union disappeared, the upper riparian states began to use more water from the reservoirs for hydro energy production in winter instead storing it for irrigation purposes at the lower reaches in summer. Further there are a couple of new irrigation projects that are leading to greater water withdrawal of one state on the costs of the other riparian owners and the dying Aral Sea. The most important conficts are between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan as well as Kazakhstan at the Syrdarja concerning the use of the Toktogul reservoir; between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan about the amount of water withdrawal in the Karakum and Tujamujun canals as well as the new constructed Golden Century lake; and betweeen Tajikistan and Uzbekistan as well as Turkmenistan at the Amudarja because of the plans for building the Rogun dam. Although regional institutions have been set up to regulate the water courses, they don't work effectively due to mutual distrust of the republics and the threat of conficts persists.

‘We are not bad people’ bricolage and the rise of community forest institutions in Burkina Faso

From a critical institutionalism and institutional bricolage perspective, this article analyses what drives institutional change in the commons and the outcomes for forest and people. It builds on the comparison of three neighbouring villages in Burkina Faso that in 1989, expecting higher returns, agreed to release their common lands for the creation of a community forest called Chantier d’Aménagement Forestier (CAF) within an international forestry project. The project created new bureaucratic institutions to replace the pre-existing customary and socially embedded system. Decades later, the three villages display different institutional change pathways and outcomes: one village abandoned the CAF, converted, and sold its forest and land; another maintained the CAF; and a third operates in-between. Using qualitative research methods, we ask why and how these different change trajectories and outcomes occurred among villages of identical cultural and sociopolitical background. The results show that poor design and implementation of the new bureaucratic institutions, as well as their disrespect of customary and socially embedded rules, led to forestland disputes between the villages. The bureaucratic institutions failed to solve those disputes, effectively manage the forest, and share the benefits equitably. This caused local people’s discontent and prompted actions for change. Actors in diverse ways made use of their social networks, agency, and power relations within and between the villages to either reshape, re-interpret or reject the new forest institutions. These processes of institutional bricolage led to highly diverse trajectories of change. The findings demonstrate the crucial role of locals as agents of change from below and question universal claims in institutional theory on how institutions induce rule-guided behaviour and create path dependencies.Peer reviewe

REDD+, transformational change and the promise of performance-based payments: a qualitative comparative analysis

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has emerged as a promising climate change mitigation mechanism in developing countries. This paper examines the national political context in 13 REDD+ countries in order to identify the enabling conditions for achieving progress with the implementation of countries REDD+ policies and measures. The analysis builds on a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of various countries' progress with REDD+, conducted in 12 REDD+ countries in 2012, which highlighted the importance of factors such as already initiated policy change, and the presence of coalitions calling for broader policy change A follow-up survey in 2014 was considered timely because the REDD+ policy arena, at international and at country levels, is highly dynamic and undergoes constant evolution, which affects progress with REDD+ policy making and implementation. Furthermore, we will now examine whether the 'promise' of performance-based funds has played a role in enabling the establishment of REDD+. The results show a set of enabling conditions and characteristics of the policy process under which REDD+ policies can be established. The study finds that the existence of broader policy change, and availability of performance-based funding in combination with strong national ownership of the REDD+ policy process may help guide other countries seeking to formulate REDD+ policies that are likely to deliver efficient, effective, and equitable outcomes

Position Paper on Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus and Sustainable development Goals (SDGs)

The EU and the international community is realising that the Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystem components are interlinked and require a joint planning in order to meet the daunting global challenges related to Water, Energy and Food security and maintaining the ecosystem health and in this way, reach the SDGs. If not dealt with, the world will not be able to meet the demand for water, energy and food in a not too far future and, in any case, in a not sustainable way. The strain on the ecosystems resulting from unsustainable single-sector planning will lead to increasing poverty, inequality and instability. The Nexus approach is fully aligned with and supportive of the EU Consensus on Development. Key elements of the Consensus will require collaborative efforts across sectors in ways that can be supported/implemented by a Nexus approach. In this way, transparent and accountable decision-making, involving the civil society is key and common to the European Consensus on Development and the Nexus approach. The Nexus approach will support the implementation of the SDG in particular SDG 2 (Food), SDG 6 (Water) and SDG 7 (Energy), but most SDGs have elements that link to food, water and energy in one or other way, and will benefit from a Nexus approach. The SDGs are designed to be cross-cutting and be implemented together, which is also reflected in a WEFE Nexus approach. A Nexus approach offers a sustainable way of addressing the effects of Climate Change and increase resilience. The WEFE Nexus has in it the main drivers of climate change (water, energy and food security) and the main affected sectors (water and the environment). Decisions around policy, infrastructure, … developed based on the WEFE Nexus assessments will be suitable as elements of climate change mitigation and adaptation. In fact, it is difficult to imagine solutions to the climate change issue that are not built on a form of Nexus approach. The Nexus approach is being implemented around the world, as examples in the literature demonstrate. These examples together with more examples from EU and member state development cooperation will help build experience that can be consolidated and become an important contribution to a Toolkit for WEFE Nexus Implementation. From the expert discussions, it appears that because of the novelty of the approach, a Toolkit will be an important element in getting the Nexus approach widely used. This should build on experiences from practical examples of NEXUS projects or similar inter-sectorial collaboration projects; and, there are already policy, regulation and practical experience to allow institutions and countries to start applying the Nexus concept.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

Path Dependencies and Institutional Bricolage in Post-Soviet Water Governance

Following their independence, the two Central Asian states of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan decided on similar water governance reforms: transfer of local irrigation management to water user associations, introduction of pricing mechanisms, and establishment of hydrographic management principles. In both states, however, proper implementation is lacking. This paper aims to explain this contradiction and focuses on agricultural water governance reforms at the local level as an interdependent part of a multilevel water governance structure. Based on empirical findings, four variables through which the neopatrimonial context in both countries impacts water governance are identified: the decision-making process, the agricultural sector, the local governance institutions, and internal water-institutional linkages. A historical-institutionalist perspective shows how path dependencies limit reform effectiveness: institutionalised Soviet and pre-Soviet patterns of behaviour still shape actors’ responses to new challenges. Consequently, rules and organisations established formally by the state or international donor organisations are undermined by informal institutions. Yet, informal institutions are not only an obstacle to reform, but can also support it. They are not static but dynamic. This is elucidated with the concept of 'institutional bricolage', which explains how local actors recombine elements of different institutional logics and thereby change their meaning

Mehr als ein technisches Problem: Wassermanagement in Zentralasien

Wasser ist im überwiegend ariden und semiariden Zentralasien durch verschwenderische Nutzung zu einer relativ zu den Nutzungsansprüchen knappen Ressource geworden. Ihr Management ist eine Herausforderung auf regionaler, nationaler und lokaler Ebene: Regional muss die Verteilung zwischen Staaten und zwischen verschiedenen Nutzungsweisen (Bewässerung und Energieproduktion) vereinbart und kontrolliert werden. Auf nationaler Ebene müssen neue Gesetzesrahmen erlassen und durchgesetzt werden und auf lokaler Ebene nach der Auflösung der Kollektivfarmen neue Verantwortlichkeiten zugeteilt werden. Auf allen Ebenen weicht die Praxis erheblich von den formalen Regeln ab, so dass sich trotz vieler Reformen und Bemühungen die Situation nicht verbessert hat. Auch die EU-Zentralasienstrategie hat das Problemfeld Wasser in ihren Prioritätenkatalog aufgenommen, und die Bundesregierung hat anknüpfend daran die "Wasserinitiative Zentralasien" gestartet. Diese möchte Kooperation und Kapazitäten im Wassersektor fördern, bleibt dabei allerdings größtenteils einer technokratischen Herangehensweise verhaftet

Welcome to IHE Delft: who are your heroes?

In October IHE Delft welcomed a new batch of MSc students. To discover their motivations and aspirations we asked them to introduce us to their heroines and heroes. This was the third time that the Water Governance chairgroup organized Module 1 common to all IHE Delft MSc programs, under the theme "Pluralizing water science". And again, the new students began their journey at IHE with a rather unusual task: to take clay, paper, water colors, pencils, stickers, dressing-up clothes or other ..