Analisis Kinematis Lengan Excavator Keihatsu 921 C

Tujuan penulisan tugas akhir ini adalah analisis kinematis pada excavator, yaitu pada excavator produk keihatsu 921 C. Analisis kinematis dimaksud untuk mengetahui posisi dan kecepatan pada setiap link pada posisi tertentu. analisis kinematis yang dilakukan adalah pada perhitungan posisi dan kecepatan sesaat boom, arm dan backet. Analisi dilakukan sepanjang workspace area mekanisme lengan excavator berbagai titik pada mekanisme lengan excavator pada satu arah putaran. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah pada gerak umum dua dimensi yang dimiliki oleh mekanisme lengan excavator. Hasil analisis kinematis didapatkan hasil bahwa analisis kinematis diberbagai posisi dari silinder boom memendek secara maksimal sampai memanjang secara maksimal pada workspacearea didapatkan kecepatan sudut boom terendah dicapai pada saat silinder boom pada posisi sudut θ1 = 42,75o dan kecepatan tertinggi sudut boom dicapai pada saat silinder boom pada posisi θ1 = 137,75o. Dan pada arm didapatkan kecepatan sudut arm terendah dicapai pada saat silinder arm pada posisi sudut θ3 = 70o dan kecepatan tertinggi sudut arm dicapai pada saat silinder arm pada posisi θ3 = 140o. Dan untuk bucket didapatkan kecepatan sudut bucket terendah dicapai pada saat silinder Bucket pada posisi sudut θ5 = 30o dan kecepatan tertinggi sudut bucket dicapai pada saat silinder bucket pada posisi θ5 = 130o

Pengaruh Tekanan Panas Terhadap Tekanan Darah Tenaga Kerja pada Pengecoran Logam di Koperasi Batur Jaya Ceper-Klaten

Temperatur pada tubuh manusia selalu tetap. Suhu konstan dengan sedikit fluktuasi sekitar 37 derajat celcius terdapat pada otak, jantung dan bagian dalam perut yang disebut dengan suhu tubuh core temperature Iklim kerja yang panas atau tekanan panas dapat menyebabkan beban tambahan pada sirkulasi darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan ada dan tidaknya pengaruh tekanan panas terhadap tekanan darah tenaga kerja pada pengecoran logam di Koperasi Batur Jaya Ceper-Klaten. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode survei menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini bagian pengecoran sebanyak 15 orang dan produksi sebanyak 15 orang. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Uji statistik yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data penelitian ini adalah Uji Mann-Whitney dengan program SPSS 21. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh iklim kerja yang melebihi NAB terhadap tekanan darah pada bagian pengecoran diketahui bahwa nilai sistol 0,041 (p < 0,05) dan diastol 0,029 (p < 0,05) maka di bagian pengecoran terdapat perbedaan. Bagian produksi diketahui bahwa nilai sistol 0,935 (p > 0,05) dan diastol 1,000 (p > 0,05) maka di bagian produksi tidak ada perbedaan. Sedangkan di bagian pengecoran dan produksi diketahui nilai sistol 0,325 > 0,05 berarti tidak ada perbedaan dan diastol 0,000 < 0,05 berarti ada perbedaan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa ada perbedaan tekanan darah setelah terpapar tekanan panas

Comment on "Effect of Age-Related Factors on the Pharmacokinetics of Lamotrigine and Potential Implications for Maintenance Dose Optimisation in Future Clinical Trials".

Pharmacolog

Discovery and Validation of a New Class of Small Molecule Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Inhibitors

Many inflammatory diseases may be linked to pathologically elevated signaling via the receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). There has thus been great interest in the discovery of TLR4 inhibitors as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Recently, the structure of TLR4 bound to the inhibitor E5564 was solved, raising the possibility that novel TLR4 inhibitors that target the E5564-binding domain could be designed. We utilized a similarity search algorithm in conjunction with a limited screening approach of small molecule libraries to identify compounds that bind to the E5564 site and inhibit TLR4. Our lead compound, C34, is a 2-acetamidopyranoside (MW 389) with the formula C17H27NO9, which inhibited TLR4 in enterocytes and macrophages in vitro, and reduced systemic inflammation in mouse models of endotoxemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. Molecular docking of C34 to the hydrophobic internal pocket of the TLR4 co-receptor MD-2 demonstrated a tight fit, embedding the pyran ring deep inside the pocket. Strikingly, C34 inhibited LPS signaling ex-vivo in human ileum that was resected from infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. These findings identify C34 and the β-anomeric cyclohexyl analog C35 as novel leads for small molecule TLR4 inhibitors that have potential therapeutic benefit for TLR4-mediated inflammatory diseases. © 2013 Neal et al

Photo-antagonism of the GABAA receptor

Neurotransmitter receptor trafficking is fundamentally important for synaptic transmission and neural network activity. GABAA receptors and inhibitory synapses are vital components of brain function, yet much of our knowledge regarding receptor mobility and function at inhibitory synapses is derived indirectly from using recombinant receptors, antibody-tagged native receptors and pharmacological treatments. Here we describe the use of a set of research tools that can irreversibly bind to and affect the function of recombinant and neuronal GABAA receptors following ultraviolet photoactivation. These compounds are based on the competitive antagonist gabazine and incorporate a variety of photoactive groups. By using site-directed mutagenesis and ligand-docking studies, they reveal new areas of the GABA binding site at the interface between receptor β and α subunits. These compounds enable the selected inactivation of native GABAA receptor populations providing new insight into the function of inhibitory synapses and extrasynaptic receptors in controlling neuronal excitation

The profile of head injuries and traumatic brain injury deaths in Kashmir

This study was conducted on patients of head injury admitted through Accident & Emergency Department of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences during the year 2004 to determine the number of head injury patients, nature of head injuries, condition at presentation, treatment given in hospital and the outcome of intervention. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) deaths were also studied retrospectively for a period of eight years (1996 to 2003)

The cost of uncomplicated childhood fevers to Kenyan households: implications for reaching international access targets

BACKGROUND: Fever is the clinical hallmark of malaria disease. The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) movement promotes prompt, effective treatment of childhood fevers as a key component to achieving its optimistic mortality reduction goals by 2010. A neglected concern is how communities will access these new medicines promptly and the costs to poor households when they are located in rural areas distant to health services. METHODS: We assemble data developed between 2001 and 2002 in Kenya to describe treatment choices made by rural households to treat a child's fever and the related costs to households. Using a cost-of-illness approach, we estimate the expected cost of a childhood fever to Kenyan households in 2002. We develop two scenarios to explore how expected costs to households would change if more children were treated at a health care facility with an effective antimalarial within 48 hours of fever onset. RESULTS: 30% of uncomplicated fevers were managed at home with modern medicines, 38% were taken to a health care facility (HCF), and 32% were managed at home without the use of modern medicines. Direct household cash expenditures were estimated at $0.44 per fever, while the total expected cost to households (cash and time) of an uncomplicated childhood fever is estimated to be$1.91. An estimated mean of 1.42 days of caretaker time devoted to each fever accounts for the majority of household costs of managing fevers. The aggregate cost to Kenyan households of managing uncomplicated childhood fevers was at least $96 million in 2002, equivalent to 1.00$1.86 because caretakers also save time with prompt treatment if the child has malaria. CONCLUSION: The management of uncomplicated childhood fevers imposes substantial costs on Kenyan households. Achieving substantial improvements in the numbers of fevers treated within 48 hours at a HCF with an effective antimalarial drug (Scenario 1) will not impose additional costs on households. Achieving additional improvements in fevers treated promptly at a HCF (Scenario 2) will impose additional costs on some households roughly equal to average cash expenses for transportation to a HCF. Additional financing mechanisms that further reduce the costs of accessing care at a HCF and/or that make artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) accessible for home management need to be developed and evaluated as a top priority

Importance of strategic management in the implementation of private medicine retailer programmes: case studies from three districts in Kenya

BACKGROUND: The home-management of malaria strategy seeks to improve prompt and effective anti-malarial drug use through the informal sector, with a potential channel being the Private Medicine Retailers (PMRs). Previous evaluations of PMR programmes focused on their impact on retailer knowledge and practices, with limited evidence about the influence of implementation processes on the impacts at scale. This paper examines how the implementation processes of three PMR programmes in Kenya, each scaled up within a district, contributed to the outcomes observed. These were a Ministry of Health programme in Kwale district; and two programmes supported by non-governmental organizations in collaboration with government in Kisii Central and Bungoma districts. METHODS: The research methods included 24 focus group discussions with clients and PMRs, 19 in-depth interviews with implementing actors, document review and a diary of events. The data were analysed using the combination of a broad policy analysis framework and more specific scaling up/diffusion of innovations frameworks. RESULTS: The Kisii programme, a case study of successful implementation, was underpinned by good relationships between district health managers and a "resource team", supported by a memorandum of understanding which enabled successful implementation. It had flexible budgetary and decision making processes which were responsive to local contexts, and took account of local socio-economic activities. In contrast, the Kwale programme, which had implementation challenges, was characterised by a complex funding process, with lengthy timelines, that was tied to the government financial management system which constrained implementation Although there was a flexible funding system in Bungoma, a perceived lack of transparency in fund management, inadequate management of inter-organisational relationships, and inability to adapt and respond to changing circumstances led to implementation difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: For effective scaling up of PMR programmes, the provision of technical support and adequate resources are vital, but not sufficient on their own. An active strategy to manage relationships between implementing actors through effective communication mechanisms is essential. Successful outcomes may be realised if a strong and transparent management system, including management of financial resources, is put in place. This study provides evidence of the value of assessing implementation processes as part of impact evaluation for public health programmes

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis

Background Ultrasound (US) has largely replaced contrast venography as the definitive diagnostic test for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). We aimed to derive a definitive estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of US for clinically suspected DVT and identify study-level factors that might predict accuracy. Methods We undertook a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of diagnostic cohort studies that compared US to contrast venography in patients with suspected DVT. We searched Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Database of Reviews of Effectiveness, the ACP Journal Club, and citation lists (1966 to April 2004). Random effects meta-analysis was used to derive pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity. Random effects meta-regression was used to identify study-level covariates that predicted diagnostic performance. Results We identified 100 cohorts comparing US to venography in patients with suspected DVT. Overall sensitivity for proximal DVT (95% confidence interval) was 94.2% (93.2 to 95.0), for distal DVT was 63.5% (59.8 to 67.0), and specificity was 93.8% (93.1 to 94.4). Duplex US had pooled sensitivity of 96.5% (95.1 to 97.6) for proximal DVT, 71.2% (64.6 to 77.2) for distal DVT and specificity of 94.0% (92.8 to 95.1). Triplex US had pooled sensitivity of 96.4% (94.4 to 97.1%) for proximal DVT, 75.2% (67.7 to 81.6) for distal DVT and specificity of 94.3% (92.5 to 95.8). Compression US alone had pooled sensitivity of 93.8 % (92.0 to 95.3%) for proximal DVT, 56.8% (49.0 to 66.4) for distal DVT and specificity of 97.8% (97.0 to 98.4). Sensitivity was higher in more recently published studies and in cohorts with higher prevalence of DVT and more proximal DVT, and was lower in cohorts that reported interpretation by a radiologist. Specificity was higher in cohorts that excluded patients with previous DVT. No studies were identified that compared repeat US to venography in all patients. Repeat US appears to have a positive yield of 1.3%, with 89% of these being confirmed by venography. Conclusion Combined colour-doppler US techniques have optimal sensitivity, while compression US has optimal specificity for DVT. However, all estimates are subject to substantial unexplained heterogeneity. The role of repeat scanning is very uncertain and based upon limited data