The impact of vascular burden on late-life depression.

Small vessel pathology and microvascular lesions are no longer considered as minor players in the fields of cognitive impairment and mood regulation. Although frequently found in cognitively intact elders, both neuroimaging and neuropathological data revealed the negative impact on cognitive performances of their presence within neocortical association areas, thalamus and basal ganglia. Unlike cognition, the relationship between these lesions and mood dysregulation is still a matter of intense debate. Early studies focusing on the role of macroinfarct location in the occurrence of post-stroke depression (PSD) led to conflicting data. Later on, the concept of vascular depression proposed a deleterious effect of subcortical lacunes and deep white matter demyelination on mood regulation in elders who experienced the first depressive episode. More recently, the chronic accumulation of lacunes in thalamus, basal ganglia and deep white matter has been considered as a strong correlate of PSD. We provide here a critical overview of neuroimaging and neuropathological sets of evidence regarding the affective repercussions of vascular burden in the aging brain and discuss their conceptual and methodological limitations. Based on these observations, we propose that the accumulation of small vascular and microvascular lesions constitutes a common neuropathological platform for both cognitive decline and depressive episodes in old age

Analyzing the heterogeneity of farmers’ preferences for improvements in dairy cow traits using farmer typologies

AbstractGiving consideration to farmers’ preferences for improvements in animal traits when designing genetic selection tools such as selection indexes might increase the uptake of these tools. The increase in use of genetic selection tools will, in turn, assist in the realization of genetic gain in breeding programs. However, the determination of farmers’ preferences is not trivial because of its large heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to quantify Australian dairy farmers’ preferences for cow trait improvements to inform and ultimately direct the choice of traits and selection indexes in the 2014 review of the National Breeding Objective. A specific aim was to analyze the heterogeneity of preferences for cow trait improvements by determining whether there are farmer types that can be identified with specific patterns of preferences. We analyzed whether farmer types differed in farming system, socioeconomic profile, and attitudes toward breeding and genetic evaluation tools. An online survey was developed to explore farmers’ preferences for improvement in 13 cow traits. The pairwise comparisons method was used to derive a ranking of the traits for each respondent. A total of 551 farmers fully completed the survey. A principal component analysis followed by a Ward hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group farmers according to their preferences. Three types of farmers were determined: (1) production-focused farmers, who gave the highest preference of all for improvements in protein yield, lactation persistency, feed efficiency, cow live weight, and milking speed; (2) functionality-focused farmers with the highest preferences of all for improvements in mastitis, lameness, and calving difficulty; and (3) type-focused farmers with the highest preferences of all for mammary system and type. Farmer types differed in their age, their attitudes toward genetic selection, and in the selection criteria they use. Surprisingly, farmer types did not differ for herd size, calving, feeding system, or breed. These results support the idea that preferences for cow trait improvements are intrinsic to farmers and not to production systems or breeds. As a result of this study, and some bioeconomic modeling (not included in this study), the Australian dairy industry has implemented a main index and 2 alternative indexes targeting the different farmer types described here

Aquaponics: the ugly duckling in european organic regulation

Aquaponics is an integrated closed-loop multi-trophic food production system that combines elements of a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and hydroponics (Endut et al., 2010; Goddek et al., 2015; Graber and Junge, 2009). Organic agriculture has in principle the same approach defined by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM, September 2005) "Organic Agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic Agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved."N/

Caracterización de la composición lignocelulósica y lípidos residuales en racimos de frutos vacíos del procesado de aceite de palma

Empty fruit bunches (EFBs) are an agro-industrial residue discarded in the environment when the fresh palm fruits are removed for oil extraction. EFBs are abundant in palm-oil-producing countries and cause environmental problems. Besides their content in lignocellulosic, EFBs also contain amounts of residual lipids from the separation process. Because the palm fruit has two main types of oil from the pulp (palm oil) or the seeds (kernal oil), the residual EFBs lipids may have different compositions. Thus, this work aimed at characterizing the lignocellulosic content and the residual lipids in two EFBs from different palm oil producers. The EFBs were classified as Type 1 and Type 2 according to their source. The results showed that Type 1 EFBs had higher lignocellulosic and fatty acid compositions, similar to palm and kernel oils, while Type 2 EFBs had lower lignocellulosic content and fatty acid composition, similar to palm oil.Los racimos de fruta vacíos (EFBs, por sus siglas en inglés) son un residuo agroindustrial que se desecha cuando se extraen las frutas frescas de palma para extraer el aceite. Los EFBs abundan en los países productores de aceite de palma, lo que genera problemas ambientales. Además de su contenido lignocelulósicos, EFBs también contiene una cantidad de lípidos residuales del proceso de separación. Debido a que la fruta de la palma tiene dos tipos principales de aceite, los de la pulpa (aceite de palma) o de las semillas (aceite de grano), los lípidos residuales de EFBs pueden tener diferentes composiciones. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el contenido lignocelulósico y los lípidos residuales en EFBs de diferentes productores de aceite de palma. Los EFBs se clasificaron como Tipo 1 y Tipo 2 según su fuente. Los resultados mostraron que el EFBs tipo 1 tenía una mayor composición lignocelulósica y de ácidos grasos similar a los aceites de palma y de grano, mientras que el EFBs tipo 2 tenía un contenido lignocelulósico inferior y una composición de ácidos grasos similar al aceite de palma

Camperdown Hemoglobin Associated With β° Thalassemia In A Brazilian Child

We report the coexistence of Hb Camperdown [β 104 (G6) Arg → Ser] and β°-thalassemia [β39 (Gln → stop codon)] in a nine-month-old Brazilian boy. He had a relatively more severe hypochromic and microcytic anemia in comparison to his mother's β-thalassemia trait. His Hb Camperdown heterozygous father was clinically and hematologically normal. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an association of β°-thalassemia with Hb Camperdown. Copyright by the Brazilian Society of Genetics.283394396Araújo, A.S., Silva, W.A., Leao, S.A., Bandeira, F.C., Petrou, M., Modell, B., Zago, M.A., A different molecular pattern of β-thalassemia mutations in Northeast of Brazil (2003) Hemoglobin, 27, pp. 211-217Amone, A., X-ray diffraction study of binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to human deoxyhemoglobin (1972) Nature, 237, pp. 146-149Bertuzzo, C.S., Sonati, M.F., Costa, F.F., Hematological phenotype and the type of β thalassemia mutation in Brazil (1997) Braz J Genet, 20, pp. 319-321Bianco, I., Graziani, B., Carboni, C., Genetic patterns in thalassemia intermedia (constitutional microcytic anemia). Familial hematological and biosynthetic studies (1977) Hum Hered, 27, pp. 257-272Blouquit, Y., Lacombe, C., Arous, N., Le Qurrec, A., Branconnier, F., Bonhomme, J., Soummer, A.M., Galacteros, F., Seven new cases of hemoglobin Camperdown alpha 2 beta 2 104 (G6) ARG → SER found in Malta, Sicily and Tunisia (1984) Hemoglobin, 8, pp. 613-619Chang, J.C., Kan, Y.W., β°-thalassemia, a nonsense mutation in man (1979) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76, pp. 2886-2889Clarke, G.M., Higgins, T.N., Laboratory investigation of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias: Review and update (2000) Clin Chem, 46, pp. 1284-1290Fonseca, S.F., Kerbauy, J., Escrivçao, C., Figueiredo, M.S., Cançado, R., Arruda, V.R., Saad, S.T.O., Costa, F.F., Genetic analysis of beta-thalassemia major and beta-thalassemia intermedia in Brazil (1998) Hemoglobin, 22, pp. 197-207Grignoli, C.R.E., Carvalho, M.H., Kimura, E.M., Sonati, M.F., Arruda, V.R., Saad, S.T.O., Costa, F.F., β°-thalassemia resulting from a novel mutation: β66/u → stop codon (2000) Eur J Haematol, 64, pp. 137-138Kimura, E.M., Grignoli, C.R.E., Pinheiro, V.R.P., Costa, F.F., Sonati, M.F., Thalassemia intermedia as a result of heterozygosis for β°-thallassemia and αααanti3.7/αα genotype in a Brazilian patient (2003) Braz J Med Biol Res, 36, pp. 699-701Kister, J., Barbadjian, J., Blouquit, Y., Bohn, B., Galacteros, F., Poyart, C., Inhibition of oxygen-linked anion binding in Hb Camperdown [α2β2 104 (G6) ARG → SER] (1989) Hemoglobin, 13, pp. 567-578Miranda, S.R.P., Kimura, E.M., Teixeira, R.C., Bertuzzo, C.S., Ramalho, A.A., Saad, S.T.O., Costa, F.F., Hb Camperdown [α2β2 104 (G6) ARG → SER] identified by DNA analysis in a Brazilian family (1996) Hemoglobin, 20, pp. 147-153Old, J.M., Screening arid genetic diagnosis of haemoglobin disorders (2003) Blood Rev, 17, pp. 43-53Olivieri, N.F., The β-thalassemias (1999) N Engl J Med, 341, pp. 99-109Thein, S.L., Genetic insights into the clinical diversity of beta thalassaemia (2004) Br J Haematol, 124, pp. 264-274Weatherall, D.J., Clegg, J.B., Inherited haemoglobin disorders: An increasing global health problem (2001) Bull World Health Organ, 79, pp. 704-712Wilkinson, T., Chua, C.G., Carrell, R.W., Robin, H., Exner, T., Lee, K.M., Kronenberg, H., Haemoglobin Camperdown β 104(G6) Arginine leads to serine (1975) Biochim Biophys Acta, 393, pp. 195-200Zago, M.A., Costa, F.F., Hereditary hemoglobin disorders in Brazil (1985) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 79, pp. 385-38

A New Analysis Method for WIMP searches with Dual-Phase Liquid Xe TPCs

A new data analysis method based on physical observables for WIMP dark matter searches with noble liquid Xe dual-phase TPCs is presented. Traditionally, the nuclear recoil energy from a scatter in the liquid target has been estimated by means of the initial prompt scintillation light (S1) produced at the interaction vertex. The ionization charge (C2), or its secondary scintillation (S2), is combined with the primary scintillation in Log(S2/S1) vs. S1 only as a discrimination parameter against electron recoil background. Arguments in favor of C2 as the more reliable nuclear recoil energy estimator than S1 are presented. The new phase space of Log(S1/C2) vs. C2 is introduced as more efficient for nuclear recoil acceptance and exhibiting superior energy resolution. This is achieved without compromising the discrimination power of the LXe TPC, nor its 3D event reconstruction and fiducialization capability, as is the case for analyses that exploit only the ionization channel. Finally, the concept of two independent energy estimators for background rejection is presented: E2 as the primary (based on C2) and E1 as the secondary (based on S1). Log(E1/E2) vs. E2 is shown to be the most appropriate phase space in which to evaluate WIMP signal candidates

COMPORTAMENTO DA INGESTÃO EM BOVINOS (RUMINANTES) EM PASTAGEM DE CAPIM Brachiaria decumbens NA REGIÃO CENTRO-OESTE DO BRASIL

An experiment has been carried out aiming to evaluate the ingestion behavior of young heifers, heifers and cows in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens, in the system of continuous stocking with three categories representing the treatments, each one with ten repetitions. The experimental period  was of 30 days, being 20 for adaptation of the experimental animals and 10 for three evaluations with duration of 24 hours each, in intervals of five days. The results of the Tukey test demonstrated that the cows grazed during more time (12 hours) than the young heifers (0.5 hours) and the heifers (10.25 hours). Statistic differences were not observed among the animals for the rumination time (7.25, 7.39 and 7.40, respectivety). The cows displayed larger bite rate (41.30) than the heifers and the young heifers. This result suggest that there was a compensatory mechanism between the times of grazing and the bite rates, so that the animals with more nutritional requirement regulated the amount of ingested forage, incrementing the grazing time.Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento na ingestão de bezerras, novilhas e vacas leiteiras em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens, no sistema de lotação contínua com taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três categorias animais representando os tratamentos, cada um com dez repetições. O período experimental foi de 30 dias, sendo 20 para adaptação dos animais e 10 para avaliações, que consistiram de três, com duração de 24 horas cada, em intervalos de cinco dias. O teste de Tukey demonstrou que as vacas pastejaram mais tempo (12 horas) que as novilhas (10,50 horas) e as bezerras (10,25 horas). Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os animais para o tempo de ruminação (7,25, 7,39 e 7,40, horas respectivamente). A taxa de bocados diurnos foi maior para as vacas do que para os novilhos e bezerros. Os resultados sugerem que houve um mecanismo de compensação entre os tempos de pastejo e as taxas de bocado, de modo que os animais mais exigentes pudessem regular a quantidade de forragem ingerida aumentando o tempo de pastejo

Widespread hybridization between Invasive bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and Iberian chub (Squalius spp.): A neglected conservation threat

Hybridization between native and nonnative fish species is a major conservation issue, especially in ecosystems with high levels of endemism, such as Iberian streams. To date, hybridization with the invasive bleak Alburnus alburnus has been reported for the Iberian chub Squalius alburnoides and S. pyrenaicus and in scattered locations only. However, the bleak is spreading in the region, potentially increasing the risks of hybridization with other Squalius species. To gather a more comprehensive picture on the current geography of hybridization, we compiled records on hybrids between bleak and chub in Portugal and conducted genetical assessments of hybrids between bleak and S. carolitertii. We found that hybridization with bleak is widespread throughout Portuguese river basins and involves at least S. alburnoides, S. pyrenaicus and S. carolitertii. Hybridization with bleak may not only cause waste of reproductive effort and damage the genetic integrity of these endemic species but also promote shifts in the reproductive dynamics of the S. alburnoides hybrid complex, which includes individuals with various ploidy levels and combinations of parental genomes, reproducing sexually and asexually. We recommend that future studies characterize the fitness of bleak hybrids and their ecological and genetic interactions with native fish, in order to design effective conservation measures

Fluorine-19 MRI at 21.1 T: enhanced spin-lattice relaxation of perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether and sensitivity as demonstrated in ex vivo murine neuroinflammation

OBJECTIVE: Fluorine MR would benefit greatly from enhancements in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This study examines the sensitivity gain of (19)F MR that can be practically achieved when moving from 9.4 to 21.1 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE) at both field strengths (B(0)), as a pure compound, in the form of nanoparticles (NP) as employed to study inflammation in vivo, as well as in inflamed tissue. Brains, lymph nodes (LNs) and spleens were obtained from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that had been administered PFCE NPs. All samples were measured at both B(0) with 2D-RARE and 2D-FLASH using (19)F volume radiofrequency resonators together. T(1) and T(2) of PFCE were measured at both B(0) strengths. RESULTS: Compared to 9.4 T, an SNR gain of > 3 was observed for pure PFCE and > 2 for PFCE NPs at 21.1 T using 2D-FLASH. A dependency of (19)F T(1) and T(2) relaxation on B(0) was demonstrated. High spatially resolved (19)F MRI of EAE brains and LNs at 21.1 T revealed signals not seen at 9.4 T. DISCUSSION: Enhanced SNR and T(1) shortening indicate the potential benefit of in vivo (19)F MR at higher B(0) to study inflammatory processes with greater detail

Trigeminal Neuralgia: Literature Review

The trigeminal nerve, fifth equal of cranial nerves, a mixed nerve is considered by possessing motor and sensitive components. The sensitive portion takes to the Nervous System Central somesthesics information from the skin and mucous membrane of great area of the face, being responsible also for a neural disease, known as the Trigeminal Neuralgia. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the main characteristics of Trigeminal Neuralgia, the relevant aspects for the diagnosis and treatment options for this pathology. This neuralgia is characterized by hard pains and sudden, similar to electric discharges, with duration between a few seconds to two minutes, in the trigeminal nerve sensorial distribution. The pain is unchained by light touches in specific points in the skin of the face or for movements of the facial muscles, it can be caused by traumatic sequels or physiologic processes degenerative associate the vascular compression. 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A retrospective survey of a sample of patients in Singapore and Malaysia (1998) Australian Dental Journal, 43 (3), pp. 188-191. , PMid:9707784Luna, E.B., Graça, L.F.A., Silva, D.C.O., Bérzin, F., Silva, Z., Souza, G.C., Mitri, F.F., Aspectos Anatômicos e Patológicos da Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Uma revisão da literatura para estudantes e profissionais da saúde (2010) Bioscience Journal, 26 (4), pp. 661-674Maestri, J.M., Holzer, F., Fisiopatología de la neuralgia del trigémeno (1993) Revista Chilena De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 31 (3), pp. 317-321Mattos, J.M.B., Bueno, F.V., Mattos, L.R., Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Um novo protocolo de tratamento clínico (2005) Revista Dor, 6 (4), pp. 652-656Meneses, M.S., Clemente, R., Russ, H.H., Traitement microchirurgical de la névralgie du trijumeau (1995) Neurochirurgie, 41 (5), pp. 349-352. , PMid:8577355Monzillo, P.H., Sanvito, W.L., Costa, A.R., Cluster-Tic, S., Syndrome: Report of five new cases (2000) Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 58, pp. 518-521. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2000000300019, PMid:10920416Neville, B.W., Damm, D.D., Allen, C.M., Bouquot, J.E., (2004) Patologia Oral E Maxilofacial.2.ed, pp. 865-867. , Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara KooganNurmikko, T.J., Eldridge, P.R., (2001) Trigeminal Neuralgia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Treatment. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 87, pp. 117-132. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/87.1.117Patterson, C.W., Trigeminal neuralgia-a dental diagnosis challenge (1999) Northwest Dentistry, 78 (3), pp. 19-24Peters, G., Nurmikko, T.J., Peripheral and gasserian ganglion-level precedures for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (2002) Clinical Journal of Pain, 18 (1), pp. 28-34. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200201000-00005, PMid:11803300Quesada, G.A.T., Baptista, C.E., Daiana, S.P., Douglas, L.F., Neuralgia Trigeminal-do diagnóstico ao tratamento (2005) Revista Dentística, (11)Siqueira, S.R.D.T., Nóbrega, J.C.M., Valle, L.B.S., Teixeira, M.J., Siqueira, J.T.T., Clinical aspects and dental procedures (2004) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 98 (3), pp. 311-315Toda, K., Trigeminal neuralgia: Symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and related disorders (2007) Oral Science International, 4 (1), pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1348-8643(07)80006-1Tronnier, V.M., Rasche, D., Hamer, J., Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression (2001) Neurosurgery, 48, pp. 1261-1268. , PMid:11383728Türp, J.C., Gobetti, J.P., Trigeminal neuralgia versus atypical facial pain: A review of the literature and case report (1996) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 81 (4), pp. 424-432Yoon, K.B., Wiles, J.R., Miles, J.B., Nurmikko, T.J., Long-term outcome of percutaneous thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia (1999) Anaesthesia, 54 (80), pp. 798-808Yoshimasu, F., Kurland, L.T., Elvelvack, L.R., Tic dolourex in Rochester, Minnesota (1972) Neurology, 22, pp. 952-956. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.22.9.952, 1945-1969. PMid:467338