218 research outputs found

    Frequency locking of modulated waves

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    We consider the behavior of a modulated wave solution to an S1\mathbb{S}^1-equivariant autonomous system of differential equations under an external forcing of modulated wave type. The modulation frequency of the forcing is assumed to be close to the modulation frequency of the modulated wave solution, while the wave frequency of the forcing is supposed to be far from that of the modulated wave solution. We describe the domain in the three-dimensional control parameter space (of frequencies and amplitude of the forcing) where stable locking of the modulation frequencies of the forcing and the modulated wave solution occurs. Our system is a simplest case scenario for the behavior of self-pulsating lasers under the influence of external periodically modulated optical signals

    On C*-algebras generated by pairs of q-commuting isometries

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    We consider the C*-algebras O_2^q and A_2^q generated, respectively, by isometries s_1, s_2 satisfying the relation s_1^* s_2 = q s_2 s_1^* with |q| < 1 (the deformed Cuntz relation), and by isometries s_1, s_2 satisfying the relation s_2 s_1 = q s_1 s_2 with |q| = 1. We show that O_2^q is isomorphic to the Cuntz-Toeplitz C*-algebra O_2^0 for any |q| < 1. We further prove that A_2^{q_1} is isomorphic to A_2^{q_2} if and only if either q_1 = q_2 or q_1 = complex conjugate of q_2. In the second part of our paper, we discuss the complexity of the representation theory of A_2^q. We show that A_2^q is *-wild for any q in the circle |q| = 1, and hence that A_2^q is not nuclear for any q in the circle.Comment: 18 pages, LaTeX2e "article" document class; submitted. V2 clarifies the relationships between the various deformation systems treate

    Measurement of the K+β†’ΞΌ+Ξ½ΞΌΞ³K^+\rightarrow{\mu^+}{\nu_{\mu}}{\gamma} decay form factors in the OKA experiment

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    A precise measurement of the vector and axial-vector form factors difference FVβˆ’FAF_V-F_A in the K+β†’ΞΌ+Ξ½ΞΌΞ³K^+\rightarrow{\mu^+}{\nu_{\mu}}{\gamma} decay is presented. About 95K events of K+β†’ΞΌ+Ξ½ΞΌΞ³K^+\rightarrow{\mu^+}{\nu_{\mu}}{\gamma} are selected in the OKA experiment. The result is FVβˆ’FA=0.134Β±0.021(stat)Β±0.027(syst)F_V-F_A=0.134\pm0.021(stat)\pm0.027(syst). Both errors are smaller than in the previous FVβˆ’FAF_V-F_A measurements.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure

    Improving the quality of products created by additive technologies on the basis of tig welding

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    Π’ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ– Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ питання отримання ΠΌΡ–Π½Ρ–ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡ— хвилястості ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ½ΡŒ, Ρ‰ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π°Π΄Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ процСсом Π°Ρ€Π³ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. Π’Ρ–Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎ, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ– ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Ρƒ, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡˆΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΡ” Π²Ρ–Π΄Ρ‚Π²ΠΎ-Ρ€ΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Ρƒ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ, Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ як Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Ρ– ΠΊΡ–Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ характСристиками процСсу. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ†ΡŒΠΎΠΌΡƒ викладання Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ–Π² Π²Ρ–Π΄Π±ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π· ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΌ пСрСкриттям, завдяки Ρ‡ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π²Π΄Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ досягти ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡ— Ρ‰Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ–, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊ Π· одночасним виникнСнням ΠΏΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡ— хвилястості, ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ явищами Ρƒ Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ– Ρ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Ρƒ. Π—Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° модСль формування Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Ρƒ, завдяки якій встановлСно Ρ€Π°Ρ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ– ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ викладання ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Ρ–Π². НавСдСно Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ– дослідТСння процСсу Π°Ρ€Π³ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ відтворСння ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎ рСгрСсійні рівняння для визначСння ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρƒ хвилястості. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ хвилястості Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡ–Ρ‡Π½Ρ– явища Ρ‚Π° Ρ…Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΎΠ²Ρ– процСси, які Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΡ–Π΄ Π΄Ρ–Ρ”ΡŽ систСми сил ΠΏΡ–Π΄ час формування Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Ρƒ. ΠŸΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ якості Π²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ±Ρ–Π² Π²Π±Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡ–Π·Π°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— способів формування Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ–Π², забСзпСчСнням Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— сталості Ρ€ΡƒΡ…Ρƒ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΎΡ— Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, забСзпСчСнням Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ пСрСкриття Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ”ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ–ΠΉ Ρ€ΡƒΡ…Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎ ΡˆΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌ викладання Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ 0,5 Π΅, забСзпСчСнням Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— сталості Ρ€ΡƒΡ…Ρƒ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΎΡ— Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, встановлСнням Ρ€Π°Ρ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡ— Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ підтриманням Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡƒ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— сталості горіння Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ ΠŸΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Ρ– Π²Ρ–Π΄Π³ΡƒΠΊΡ–Π² Ρ†Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ–Π² Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ, які Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ наглядно ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ–Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ–Π² шва Π²Ρ–Π΄ ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ–Π² Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ.The paper deals with the issues of obtaining the minimum waviness of surfaces formed by additive processes of TIG welding. It is known that the geometric parameters of the melt bead, which form a reproducible workpiece layer by layer, are determined by both the energy and kinematic characteristics of the process. In this case, the laying of the rollers occurs with optimal overlap, as a result of which it is possible to achieve the maximum density of the model, however, with the simultaneous appearance of a certain waviness due to thermodynamic phenomena in the melt bath. The proposed model of the formation of a bead of melt, the use of which made it possible to establish the rational conditions for laying out the layers. Experimental studies of the process of argon-arc surfacing of models of a given, regression equations for determining the controlled waviness parameter are obtained. It is shown that the waviness parameter is influenced by dynamic phenomena and wave processes that develop under the action of a system of forces during the formation of a melt bead. An improvement in the quality of products is seen in the optimization of the methods of forming the rollers, in ensuring the dynamic stability of the movement of the working head, ensuring the appropriate overlap of the trajectories of movement along the layers of the layout by an amount of 0.5e, establishing a rational arc length, and maintaining the dynamic stability of the arc burning. The response surfaces of the objective functions in the planes of the process parameters are constructed, which provide a clear illus-tration of the dependence of the controlled geometric parameters on the welding modes.Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ вопросы получСния минимальной волнистости повСрхностСй, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ процСссами Π°Ρ€Π³ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ сварки. Π˜Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ гСомСтричСскиС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° расплава, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ послойно формируСтся воспроизводимая Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ энСргСтичСскими, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ кинСматичСскими характСристиками процСсса. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² происходит с ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π² слСдствиС Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ удаСтся Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΡŒ максимальной плотности ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ волнистости, обусловлСнной тСрмодинамичСскими явлСниями Π² Π²Π°Π½Π½Π΅ расплава. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ модСль формирования Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° расплава, использованиС ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ условия Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ слоСв. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования процСсса Π°Ρ€Π³ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ рСгрСссионныС уравнСния для опрСдСлСния ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π° волнистости. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ волнистости Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ динамичСскиС явлСния ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ процСссы, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ дСйствиСм систСмы сил ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° расплава. Π£Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ качСства ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ видится Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ способов формирования Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² обСспСчСнии динамичСской устойчивости двиТСния Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, обСспСчСниСм ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ пСрСкрытия Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ двиТСния ΠΏΠΎ слоям Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ 0,5Π΅, установлСниСм Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° динамичСской устойчивости горСния Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΎ повСрхности ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² плоскостях ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² процСсса, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ зависимости ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… гСомСтричСских ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² сварки

    Observation of a New J(PC)=1(+-) Isoscalar State in the Reaction Pi- Proton -> Omega Eta Neutron at 18 GeV/c

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    Results are presented on a partial wave analysis of the Omega Eta final state produced in Pi- Proton interactions at 18 GeVc where Omega -> Pi+ Pi- Pi0, Pi0 -> 2 Gammas, and Eta -> 2 Gammas. We observe the previously unreported decay mode Omega(1650) -> Omega Eta and a new 1(+-) meson state h1(1595) with a mass M=1594(15)(+10)(-60) MeV/c^2 and a width Gamma=384(60)(+70)(-100) MeV/c^2. The h1(1595) state exhibits resonant-like phase motion relative to the Omega(1650).Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters B Eight total pages including 11 figures and 1 tabl

    Searches for the light invisible axion-like particle in K+β†’Ο€+Ο€0aK^{+}\to\pi^{+}\pi^{0}a decay

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    A high statistics data sample of the K+K^{+} decays is recorded by the OKA collaboration. A missing mass analysis is performed to search for a light invisible pseudoscalar axion-like particle (ALP) aa in the decay K+β†’Ο€+Ο€0aK^{+} \to \pi^{+} \pi^{0} a. No signal is observed, the upper limits for the branching ratio of the decay are calculated. The 90%90\% confidence level upper limit is changing from 2.5β‹…10βˆ’62.5\cdot10^{-6} to 2β‹…10βˆ’72\cdot10^{-7} for the ALP mass from 0 to 200 MeV/c2c^{2}, except for the region of Ο€0\pi^{0} mass, where the upper limit is 4.4β‹…10βˆ’64.4\cdot10^{-6}.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

    Structural and spatially-resolved studies on the hardening of a commercial resin-modified glass-ionomer cement

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    A commercial photopolymerizable resinmodified glass-ionomer (Fuji II LC) was studied using a variety of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. H and F stray-field imaging (STRAFI) enabled to follow the acid–base reaction kinetics in self-cured (SC) samples. Gelation and maturation processes with 25 min and 40 h average time constants, respectively, were distinguished. In self- & photo-cured (SPC) samples, two processes were also observed, which occurred with 2 s and 47 s average time constants. H, Al and Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, C cross-polarization (CP)/MAS NMR and 27Al multiple quanta (MQ)MAS NMR spectroscopy were used to obtain structural information on the glass and cements that were either SC or SPC. The presence of methacrylate groups was identified in the solid component. Unreacted hydroxyl ethylmethacrylate (HEMA) was detected in self-cured cement. Al data showed that approximately 28% and 20% of Al is leached out from glass particles in SC and SPC samples, respectively. The upfield shift detected in 25Si MAS NMR spectra of the cements is consistent with a decrease in the number of Al species in the second coordination sphere of the silicon structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed existence of 3D shrinkage of the cement matrix in photo-cured cements.(undefined
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