APPLICATION OF KJELDAHL AND DUMAS COMBUSTION METHODS FOR NITROGEN ANALYSIS

O método padrão de Kjeldahl vem sendo substituído pelo método de combustão Dumas na determinação do nitrogênio total (NT) em alimentos. Estes procedimentos foram utilizados para avaliar amostras de rotina em laboratórios de nutrição animal (concentrados, forragens, excreta e conteúdo duodenal). A covariável nitrato (N-NO3) interferiu na determinação do NT em função da metodologia empregada. Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre os métodos utilizados para cada grupo avaliado: ingredientes volumosos, Kjeldahl-N = 1.1661 + 0.9216 Dumas-N (R2=0.99); alimentos energéticos, Kjeldahl-N = 0.6376 + 0.9445 Dumas-N (R2=0.72) e alimentos protéicos, Kjeldahl- N = 6.5638 + 0.8615 Dumas-N (R2=0.97). As médias para NT dos alimentos, ajustadas para a covariável, não diferiram entre os métodos (P > 0,05). O desvio padrão do teor de N dentro e entre os métodos utilizados estão dentro dos intervalos permitidos pela literatura, o que, associado ao fato da metodologia de Dumas consistir em uma técnica não poluente ao ambiente, indica ser esta metodologia capaz de substituir com vantagens o procedimento de Kjeldahl em análises de rotina em laboratórios de nutrição animal. Abstract The Kjeldahl procedure has been replaced by Dumas combustion procedure for total N determination in feeds. These methods were compared using routine samples in the animal nutrition laboratory (concentrates, forages, excreta and duodenal content). NO3-N covariate interfered on total N determination according to the procedure used. A significant correlation for crude protein (CP) content was observed between methods used for each group: grass silage component, Kjeldahl-N = 1.1661 + 0.9216 Dumas-N (R2=0.99); energy feeds, Kjeldahl-N = 0.6376 + 0.9445 Dumas-N (R2=0.72) and protein feeds, Kjeldahl-N = 6.5638 + 0.8615 Dumas-N (R2=0.97). Means for total N contents from components, adjusted by covariance, were not different (P > 0.05) between both methods. Considering that the standard deviation for N content obtained by the two methods stayed within the intervals observed in the literature, corroborated by the fact that Dumas combustion procedure using the analyzer LECOFP 528 LC is not harmful to the environment it was concluded, that this method can replace with advantages the Kjeldahl procedure in routine animal nutrition N analyzes

Non-adiabatic collapse of a quasi-spherical radiating star

A model is proposed of a collapsing quasi-spherical radiating star with matter content as shear-free isotropic fluid undergoing radial heat-flow with outgoing radiation. To describe the radiation of the system, we have considered both plane symmetric and spherical Vaidya solutions. Physical conditions and thermodynamical relations are studied using local conservation of momentum and surface red-shift. We have found that for existence of radiation on the boundary, pressure on the boundary is not necessary.Comment: 8 Latex pages, No figures, Revtex styl

A New Age for Quercus spp. Fruits: Review on Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition and Related Biological Activities of Acorns

The current global food system must adapt to the expected growth of world population (about 9 billion individuals by 2050). This adaptation will probably include an increased consumption of edible wild foods, due to their richness in micronutrients and bioactive compounds, besides providing a cost-effective and sustainable way of improving caloric food security. A striking example of such natural matrices is the Quercus genus, which has the additional advantage of being widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In a traditional sense, Quercus fruits (acorns) were mainly used in animal feeding, despite their potentially important role on the rural economy. But this preconception is changing. In fact, their nutritional value, high contents in phytochemical compounds, biological activity (such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and cardioprotective properties) and use in the treatment of specific diseases (such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, or Alzheimer's disease) have raised the interest in integrating acorns into the human diet. Accordingly, this comprehensive overview was designed to provide an evidence-based review of the literature, with the objective to achieve useful conclusions regarding the nutritional properties, methodologies of extraction, identification, and characterization of a wide variety of bioactive compounds and scientifically validated bioactivities in Quercus species worldwide. The industrial by-products from acorn oil extraction or flour production are also included. Data regarding the analytical techniques, individual compounds, and their bioactivities, are organized in tables. The reported data are discussed and directions for further investigations are suggested, highlighting the use of acorns in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.The authors are grateful for the financial support (UID/QUI/ 50006/2013-POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) from FCT/ MEC through national funds and cofinanced by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020. J.C.M. Barreira thanks FCT, POPH-QREN, and FSE for his grant (SFRH/BPD/72802/ 2010). The authors thank Telma Oliveira for drawing the acorn sketch depicted in Figure 1.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Electoral surveys influence on the voting processes: a cellular automata model

Nowadays, in societies threatened by atomization, selfishness, short-term thinking, and alienation from political life, there is a renewed debate about classical questions concerning the quality of democratic decision-making. In this work a cellular automata (CA) model for the dynamics of free elections based on the social impact theory is proposed. By using computer simulations, power law distributions for the size of electoral clusters and decision time have been obtained. The major role of broadcasted electoral surveys in guiding opinion formation and stabilizing the ``{\it status quo}'' was demonstrated. Furthermore, it was shown that in societies where these surveys are manipulated within the universally accepted statistical error bars, even a majoritary opposition could be hindered from reaching the power through the electoral path.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

Nature of singularity formed by the gravitational collapse in Husain space-time with electromagnetic field and scalar field

In this work, we have investigated the outcome of gravitational collapse in Husain space-time in the presence of electro-magnetic and a scalar field with potential. In order to study the nature of the singularity, global behavior of radial null geodesics have been taken into account. The nature of singularities formed has been thoroughly studied for all possible variations of the parameters. These choices of parameters has been presented in tabular form in various dimensions. It is seen that irrespective of whatever values of the parameters chosen, the collapse always results in a naked singularity in all dimensions. There is less possibility of formation of a black hole. Hence this work is a significant counterexample of the cosmic censorship hypothesis.Comment: 9 pages, 19 figure

APLICAÇÃO DE TÉCNICAS PARA ESTUDOS DE INGESTÃO, COMPOSIÇÃO DA DIETA E DIGESTIBILIDADE

A adequada nutrição dos animais de produção é dependente do conhecimento das exigências dos animais e valor nutritivo dos alimentos. No entanto, em muitas situações, a obtenção das informações necessárias não é possível ou é dificultada pela falta de recursos ou alto custo dos procedimentos experimentais, sendo necessária a aplicação de técnicas que possam estimar de forma precisa os parâmetros desejados. A avaliação de animais em pastagem é bastante dificultada pela impossibilidade em se controlar a ingestão e excreção dos animais, onde a aplicação de modelos matemáticos e a utilização de indicadores surgem como alternativas que podem reduzir custos e aumentar a precisão das estimativas. O objetivo dessa revisão foi apresentar as principais técnicas em uso que visam determinar os parâmetros consumo, digestibilidade e composição da dieta em diferentes sistemas de produção assim como as particularidades, vantagens e desvantagens dos métodos empregados. A escolha da técnica empregada depende fundamentalmente dos objetivos a serem alcançados, dos recursos disponíveis e da precisão necessária. A utilização de indicadores é uma ferramenta bastante apropriada, possibilitando a estimativa de consumo e digestibilidade nos diferentes compartimentos gastrintestinais. O emprego dos alcanos tem apresentado resultados bastante satisfatórios na avaliação da composição das dietas, em especial em sistemas de pastagem

PRINCIPAIS ASPECTOS RELACIONADOS ÀS ALTERAÇÕES NO PERFIL DE ÁCIDOS GRAXOS NA GORDURA DO LEITE DE RUMINANTES

A busca por recursos que possibilitem aos animais atingir o seu potencial de produção é uma constante na área de pesquisa animal. A suplementação com lipídeos é uma estratégia que possibilita, além de benefícios ao desempenho animal, alterar características relacionadas principalmente ao perfil da gordura de produtos de origem animal. No entanto, os lipídeos fornecidos na dieta são modificados no rúmen sofrendo um processo de saturação através da lipólise e biohidrogenação, sendo esses os primeiros mecanismos de alteração dos ácidos graxos (AG) presentes na dieta. O aumento na proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados nos produtos de origem animal, em especial o ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), está diretamente ligados à manipulação do ambiente ruminal, assim como outros recursos que propiciem uma sua maior incorporação. A produção dos isômeros de CLA no rúmen é altamente dependente do ambiente ruminal, onde dietas que causem uma redução no pH ruminal podem se constituir em estratégia para a proteção de fontes suplementares de lipídeos insaturados (óleos) contra a biohidrogenação. São atribuídas diferentes funções no organismo aos isômeros de CLA, sendo ao cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 a responsabilidade pela inibição no crescimento de tumores, redução de doenças cardiovasculares e estímulo ao sistema imune, enquanto os isômeros cis-8, trans- 10 C18:2 e trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 possuem ação sobre determinadas enzimas responsáveis pela síntese de gordura na glândula mamária, reduzindo assim sua produção e concentração no leite. Main aspects related to changes in the profile of fatty acids in ruminant milk fat Abstract The search for resources that allow animals to reach their production potential is constant in animal research. Lipid supplementation is a strategy that, besides enhancing animal performance, also changes characteristics related to the fat profile of animal products. However, lipids supplied by the diet are submitted to changes, undergoing saturation through lipolysis and biohydrogenation, which are the first mechanisms of change of the dietary fatty acids (FA). The increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in animal products, particularly of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is directly related to the manipulation of the rumen environment, as well as other resources allowing its higher incorporation. The production of CLA isomers is largely dependent on the ruminal environment, where diets causing pH reduction may be used as a strategy to protect unsaturated fat (oil) supplements against biohydrogenation. Different functions are attributed to CLA isomers in the organism: cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 is responsible for the inhibition of tumors, reduction of cardiovascular diseases, and stimulation of the immune system, whereas cis-8, trans-10 C18:2 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 act on some enzymes that are responsible for fat synthesis in the mammary gland, thus reducing their production and concentration in the milk

Epstein-Barr virus infection and gastric carcinoma in São Paulo State, Brazil

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and most people have serological evidence of previous viral infection at adult age. EBV is associated with infectious mononucleosis and human cancers, including some lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Although EBV was first reported in lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma, the virus was also found in conventional adenocarcinomas. In the present study, 53 gastric carcinomas diagnosed in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for EBV infection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe (Biotin-AGACACCGTCCTCACCACCC GGGACTTGTA) directed to the viral transcript EBER-I, which is actively expressed in EBV latently infected cells. EBV infection was found in 6 of 53 (11.32%) gastric carcinomas, mostly from male patients (66.7%), with a mean age of 59 years old. Most EBV-positive tumors were in gastric antrum. Two EBV-positive tumors (33.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas, whereas four (66.7%) were classified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. EBV infection in gastric carcinomas was reported elsewhere in frequencies that range from 5.6% (Korea) up to 18% (Germany). In Brazil, a previous work found EBV infection in 4 of 80 (5%) gastric carcinomas, whereas another study found 4.7 and 11.2% of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas of Brazilians of Japanese origin or not, respectively. In the present study, the frequency of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas is similar to that reported in other series, and the clinicopathologic characteristics of these EBV-positive tumors are in agreement with the data in the literature.1707171

Electrogenerated hydrophilic carbon nanomaterials with tailored electrocatalytic activity

This work investigates the influence of the type of buffer electrolyte used in the generation of Electrochemical Hydrophilic Carbon (EHC) on their physical-chemical properties and electrocatalytic activity. The EHC nanomaterials were prepared in three different biological buffers, phosphate, glycine and citrate buffers (EHC@phosphate, EHC@glycine, EHC@citrate) and their surface properties were fully characterized by AFM, XPS and Raman. The EHC nanomaterials drop cast onto a glassy carbon electrode were electrochemically characterized in [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- and [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox probes solutions, and their electrocatalytic activity was investigated towards hydrogen peroxide and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in a phosphate buffer solution. It was found that the nature of buffer electrolyte strongly influences the surface chemical state of the EHC materials, disorder degree in the hexagonal sp2 carbon network and oxygen functional groups, affecting both the EHC electrocatalytic activity towards the ORR and H2O2 reduction reaction. The most catalytic material for the ORR was EHC@citrate, whereas EHC@glycine showed the highest oxygen conversion (n ≅ 2.7 to 3). Moreover, it was shown that the content of oxygen singly bonded to carbon correlates strongly with the number of electrons transferred. A very singular behaviour in the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide was observed on EHC@glycine, qualitatively interpreted as an autocatalytic reaction. In contrast, a blocking-like effect was depicted on EHC@phosphate. These results must have an important impact in the development of materials with peroxidase-like activity and in the design of O2 sensors with non-sensitivity to H2O2.publishe

Epstein-barr Virus Infection And Gastric Carcinoma In São Paulo, Brazil

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and most people have serological evidence of previous viral infection at adult age. EBV is associated with infectious mononucleosis and human cancers, including some lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Although EBV was first reported in lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma, the virus was also found in conventional adenocarcinomas. In the present study, 53 gastric carcinomas diagnosed in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for EBV infection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe (Biotin-AGACACCGTCCTCACCACCC GGGACTTGTA) directed to the viral transcript EBER-I, which is actively expressed in EBV latently infected cells. EBV infection was found in 6 of 53 (11.32%) gastric carcinomas, mostly from male patients (66.7%), with a mean age of 59 years old. Most EBV-positive tumors were in gastric antrum. Two EBV-positive tumors (33.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas, whereas four (66.7%) were classified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. EBV infection in gastric carcinomas was reported elsewhere in frequencies that range from 5.6% (Korea) up to 18% (Germany). In Brazil, a previous work found EBV infection in 4 of 80 (5%) gastric carcinomas, whereas another study found 4.7 and 11.2% of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas of Brazilians of Japanese origin or not, respectively. 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