Intracellular complement activation—An alarm raising mechanism?

Abstract It has become increasingly apparent that the complement system, being an ancient defense mechanism, is not operative only in the extracellular milieu but also intracellularly. In addition to the known synthetic machinery in the liver and by macrophages, many other cell types, including lymphocytes, adipocytes and epithelial cells produce selected complement components. Activation of e.g. C3 and C5 inside cells may have multiple effects ranging from direct antimicrobial defense to cell differentiation and possible influence on metabolism. Intracellular activation of C3 and C5 in T cells is involved in the maintenance of immunological tolerance and promotes differentiation of T helper cells into Th1-type cells that activate cell-mediated immune responses. Adipocytes are unique in producing many complement sensor proteins (like C1q) and Factor D (adipsin), the key enzyme in promoting alternative pathway amplification. The effects of complement activation products are mediated by intracellular and cell membrane receptors, like C3aR, C5aR1, C5aR2 and the complement regulator MCP/CD46, often jointly with other receptors like the T cell receptor, Toll-like receptors and those of the inflammasomes. These recent observations link complement activation to cellular metabolic processes, intracellular defense reactions and to diverse adaptive immune responses. The complement components may thus be viewed as intracellular alarm molecules involved in the cellular danger response.Peer reviewe

The Heat Stability of Radiation Crosslinked of Bionolle

Bionollewith chemical names Poly (butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBS), were irradiated using electron beam (EB) in the presence of two different polyfunctional monomers at ambient temperature. It was pointed out that the highest amount of gel fraction could be achieved when PBS was blend with trimethallyl isocyanurate (TMAIC). It was obtained that crosslinked PBS containing 1% of TMAIC produces higher gel fraction than that crosslinked PBS containing 2 or 3% of TMAIC at dose of 50 kGy. It was observed that the presence of crosslinking bonds in irradiated PBS greatly improved its heat stability as well as diminished its ability to biodegradation. Accordingly, it can be concluded that crosslinked PBS in the presence of TMAIC has significantly improved heat resistant properties

Jump into Inquiry--without Drowning

We model how to organize inquiry-based learning (IBL) in ways that give students agency while providing structure and support for students and teachers. Participants work through a HyperDoc mimicking the process students use and access a site with resources and activities to support IBL from finding topics to publishing products

SALSA-A dance on a slippery floor with changing partners

It is becoming increasingly clear that the connections between our immune system and the microbiota colonizing us have a tremendous impact on human health. A number of innate molecular defence mechanisms cooperate to selectively target unwanted microorganisms at the mucosal surfaces. Amongst others these include the complement system, IgA and the SALSA molecule. The salivary scavenger and agglutinin (SALSA), also known as deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1), salivary agglutinin (SAG) or gp340 is a multifunctional molecule with important functions in innate immunity, inflammation and epithelial homeostasis. The SALSA protein is expressed at most mucosal surfaces, where it is one of the most abundant proteins. In the fetal meconium and infant intestine it may constitute even up to 10% of the total protein amount. SALSA is found either directly associated with the epithelial surface or secreted into the lining fluids. In the fluid-phase SALSA interacts with a number of bacterial and viral organisms, as well as with endogenous ligands, including IgA, lactoferrin, surfactant proteins and complement components. While complement has been shown to impact the mucosal environment, this remains an area of limited research. The multiple interactions of the SALSA molecule provide a scaffold, where this potent defence system may engage in cooperative microbial clearance together with corresponding mucosal host ligands. With its high abundance, and multiple effects on both host and microbes, the SALSA molecule is a key player in maintaining the immunological balance at the mucosal surfaces. This is further supported by observations linking the expression of different SALSA isoforms to the development of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This review describes the latest advances in understanding functions of SALSA and its different isoforms. Recently recognized functions are related to complement activation and regulation, endothelial development and epithelial homeostasis. In addition, we suggest mechanisms how SALSA regulates inflammation at the mucosal surfaces.Peer reviewe

Analisis Perencanaan Dan Penganggaran Pada Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jambi

This research tried to investigate the analysis of consistency between planning and budgeting in education departement of Jambi Province year 2011 to 2015 which viewed by the planning and budgeting document of education in Jambi Province such as; RPJMD year 2010-2015, Renstra year 2010-2015, RKPD yaer 2011-2015, Renja year 2011-2015, PPAS year 2011-2015, RKA year 2011-2015, and DPA of APBD Education department year 2011-2015. The result of the analysis continuosly was analyzed by using Matrik of Planning and Budgeting Consolidation (MKPP) for investigate level of consistency that occur and analyzed what kind of factors which caused inconsistency and what kind of effort has been done to create consistency between planning and budgeting. The result showed level of planning and budgeting consistency between document of planning and budgeting still low. The highest consistency available in PPAS document and APBD document. The cause of inconsistency is leader policy, human resources limitedness, less coordination between sub-department and SKPD, high frequency of leader commutation and goverment's role changing. Efforts are being made to achieve consistency between planning and budgeting is the functional improvement of human resource planning, improved coordination between field and education and the establishment of an electronic planning system (E-Planning)

Elastomer Termoplastik Sebagaiaditif Peningkat Viskositas Pelumas Mineral

ELASTOMER TERMOPLASTIK SEBAGAIADITIF PENINGKAT VISKOSITAS PELUMAS MINERAL. Penggunaan elastomer termoplastik (ETP) sebagai aditif peningkat viskositas minyak mineral berindeks viskositas tinggi (HVI) telah dilakukan. Sebagai bahan elastomer termoplastik digunakan kopolimer radiasi lateks karet alam-metil metakrilat (LKA-MMA). Bahan ETP dilarutkan dalamminyak lumas dasar HVI dengan variasi suhu dan pelarut. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pelarutan langsung memerlukan suhu 80 oC dan waktu 12 jam. Penggunaan xilena sebagai pelarut antara, mengefisienkan metode pelarutan karena tidak diperlukan pemanasan dan waktu pelarutan lebih pendek. Koefisien viskositas kinematik dan indeks viskositas dari minyak lumas mineral yang mengandung xilena tidak berbeda secara signifikan dibandingkan minyak lumas yang tidak menggunakan xilena sebagai pelarut antara. Maksimum pelarutan ETP pada minyak lumas mineral adalah 10 % tanpa pelarut antara

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Pendekatan Struktural Numbered Heads Together untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas Vii.1 SMP Negeri 5 Teluk Kuantan

Absract: This research was based on the students achievement in learning mathematics especially grade VII.1 of SMPN 5 Teluk Kuantan under the Mastery Minimum Criteria with percentage of 44.8% on the subject matter about fractions. The research conducted was the Classroom Action Research. The aims of this research is to improve the learning process and results on the students learning mathematic by implementing cooperative learning model structural approach of Numbered Heads Together. There were 29 students in the class consisting 22 boys and 7 girls as the participant of this research. The instruments of data collection in this research were observation sheets and students Mathematic tests. The observation sheets were analyzed in qualitative desciptive, while the students' Mathematic tests were analyzed in quantitative desciptive. The qualitative desciptive showed an improvement of learning process prior to the action on the first and second cycles.. The results of this research showed an increasing number of students learning Mathematic from the basic score with percentage 44,8% to 58,6% on the first test and 82,7% on second test. Based on the result of this research could be concluded that the implementation of Cooperative Learning Model structural approach of Numbered Heads Together can improve the students' achievement of learning Mathematic in grade VII.1 of SMPN 5 Teluk Kuantan in the second semester academic years 2014/2015