78 research outputs found
Entrances and exits: changing perceptions of primary teaching as a career for men
Original article can be found at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713640830~db=all Copyright Informa / Taylor and Francis. DOI: 10.1080/03004430802352087The number of men in teaching has always been small, particularly in early childhood, but those that do come into teaching usually do so for the same reasons as women, namely enjoyment of working with children, of wanting to teach and wanting to make a difference to children's lives. However, in two separate studies, the authors have shown that on beginning teacher training in 1998, and at the point of leaving the profession in 2005, men and women tend to emphasise different concerns. This article will explore those differences and seek possible explanations for how men's views of teaching might be changing over time.Peer reviewe
Reduced cytochrome P4501A activity and recovery from oxidative stress during subchronic benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene treatment of rainbow trout
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2011. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 254 (2011): 1-7, doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.015.This
study
assessed
the
role
of
aryl
hydrocarbon
receptor
(AHR)
affinity,
and
cytochrome
P4501A
(CYP1A)
protein
and
activity
in
polyaromatic
hydrocarbon
(PAH)-Ââinduced
oxidative
stress.
In
the
1-Ââ100
nM
concentration
range
benzo[a]pyrene
(BaP)
but
not
benzo[e]pyrene
(BeP)
competitively
displaced
2
nM
[3H]2,
3,
7,
8-Ââtetrachloro-Ââdibenzo-Ââp-Ââdioxin
from
rainbow
trout
AHR2α.
Based
on
appearance
of
fluorescent
aromatic
compounds
in
bile
over
3,
7,
14,
28
or
50
days
of
feeding
3
ÎŒg
of
BaP
or
BeP/g
fish/day,
rainbow
trout
liver
readily
excreted
these
polyaromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
and
their
metabolites
at
near
steady
state
rates.
CYP1A
proteins
catalyzed
more
than
98%
of
ethoxyresorufin-ÂâO-Ââdeethylase
(EROD)
activity
in
rainbow
trout
hepatic
microsomes.
EROD
activity
of
hepatic
microsomes
initially
increased
and
then
decreased
to
control
activities
after
50
days
of
feeding
both
PAHs.
Immunohistochemistry
of
liver
confirmed
CYP1A
protein
increased
in
fish
fed
both
PAHs
after
3
days
and
remained
elevated
for
up
to
28
days.
Neither
BaP
nor
BeP
increased
hepatic
DNA
adduct
concentrations
at
any
time
up
to
50
days
of
feeding
these
PAHs.
Comet
assays
of
blood
cells
demonstrated
marked
DNA
damage
after
14
days
of
feeding
both
PAHs
that
was
not
significant
after
50
days.
There
was
a
strong
positive
correlation
between
hepatic
EROD
activity
and
DNA
damage
in
blood
cells
over
time
for
both
PAHs.
Neither
CYP1A
protein
nor
3-Ââ
nitrotyrosine
(a
biomarker
for
oxidative
stress)
immunostaining
in
trunk
kidney
were
significantly
altered
by
BaP
or
BeP
after
3,
7,
14,
or
28
days.
There
was
no
clear
association
between
AHR2α
affinity
and
BaP
and
BeP-Ââinduced
oxidative
stress.The
Oregon
Agricultural
Experiment
Station,
Northwest
Fisheries
Science
Center,
and
RO1ES006272
from
the
National
Institute
of
Health
supported
this
work
Threat-responsiveness and the decision to obtain free influenza vaccinations among the older adults in Taiwan
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although older adults are encouraged by government agencies to receive influenza vaccinations, many do not obtain them. In Taiwan, where universal health care coverage has significantly reduced the barriers of access to care, the health care system has provided free influenza vaccinations for people 65 years or older since 2001. Nevertheless, the numbers of people who use this service are much fewer than expected. The aim of this study was to explore major factors that might affect the decision to receive influenza vaccinations among older adults in Taiwan.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using national representative health insurance medical claims from the National Health Insurance Research Database between 2002 and 2004, we investigated the role of threat-responsiveness, represented by prior vaccinations and prior physician visits for flu-like respiratory conditions, in the decisions of older adults to obtain vaccinations in Taiwan.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among the sample of 23,023 older adults, the overall yearly vaccination rates in this study were 38.6%, 44.3% and 39.3% for 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Adjusting for covariates of individual and health care facility characteristics, the multivariate logistic regression revealed that older adults who had had prior vaccinations were ten times more likely to be vaccinated during the following influenza season than those who had not (OR = 10.22, 95%CI: 9.82â10.64). The greater the frequency of prior physician visits for flu-like respiratory conditions, the greater the likelihood that one would decide to be vaccinated. Visits during prior interim (non-epidemic) season exerted a stronger positive influence than prior influenza season on this likelihood (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.46â1.73 vs. OR = 1.11 95% CI: 1.01â1.22, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Threat-responsiveness, or perceived risk, greatly influences influenza vaccination rates among the older adults in Taiwan. These findings can be used to help design public health campaigns to increase the influenza vaccination rate in this vulnerable group of citizens. Particularly, older adults who never had influenza vaccinations can be identified, educated, and encouraged to participate.</p
Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study
Summary
Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally.
Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies
have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of
the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income
countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality.
Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to
hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis,
exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprungâs disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a
minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical
status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary
intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause,
in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status.
We did a complete case analysis.
Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital
diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal
malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprungâs disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome
countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male.
Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36â39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3â3·3).
Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income
countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups).
Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome
countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries;
pâ€0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients
combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88â4·11],
p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59â2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20
[1·04â1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention
(ASA 4â5 vs ASA 1â2, 1·82 [1·40â2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1â2, 1·58, [1·30â1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety
checklist not used (1·39 [1·02â1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed
(ventilation 1·96, [1·41â2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05â1·74], p=0·018). Administration of
parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47â0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65
[0·50â0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48â1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality.
Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome,
middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will
be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger
than 5 years by 2030
Primary teachers careers in England and Wales: the relationship between gender, role, position and promotion aspirations
Original article can be found at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t716100719--Copyright Taylor and Francis / Informa --DOI : 10.1080/14681360000200089This study explores gender differences in UK primary teachersâ perceptions of their careers, through a national questionnaire survey and follow-up interviews. It is framed by reference to Weinerâs three main components of feminism (the political, the critical and the practical) and a concern to highlight difference and complexity, as well as patterns and trends, within primary school teaching. Female and male respondents indicated different areas of concern and influence on their careers and it was found that while reported reasons for not seeking or not achieving promotion were multifaceted, the known and experienced disproportionate promotion of men, plus the frequently traditional gender differences in work - home orientation and contextual / situational expectations, contrived to limit career development for a significant number of women.Peer reviewe
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